scholarly journals Non-Reproductive Effects of Estradiol: Hydromineral Homeostasis Control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gislaine Almeida-Pereira ◽  
Lucila L.K. Elias ◽  
José Antunes-Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Body Fluid ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Ingestive Behavior ◽  
Reproductive Effects ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
System Body ◽  
Body Fluid Balance

The hydromineral homeostasis is fundamental to survival due to maintenance constant the osmotic properties of the plasma and proper tissue perfusion pressure, being maintained primarily through the regulation of the ingestion and urinary excretion of water and electrolytes, mainly sodium. The Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) plays an essential role in the maintenance of hydromineral homeostasis by eliciting sodium and water intake and by inducing sodium urinary retention through aldosterone release and hemodynamic effect via angiotensin II a key component of the RAS. The hypothalamus-pituitary system also plays a fundamental role in the maintenance of body fluid homeostasis by secreting vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) in response to osmotic and non-osmotic, and volemic stimuli. Furthermore, some studies report that besides reproductive function and sexual behavior, ovarian gonadal hormones, mainly 17β-estradiol (E2), modulate other non-reproductive functions such as cardiovascular system, body fluid balance, mood, mental state, memory, and cognition. Estradiol is known to mediate hydromineral homeostasis and blood pressure mainly by attenuating RAS actions. On the other hand, estradiol modulates neurohypophysial hormones secretion in many different ways. In this chapter, we will discuss the main non-reproductive effects of E2 on the control of hydromineral homeostasis, focusing on ingestive behavior and neurohypophyseal hormonal release.

The potential reproductive effects of exposure of domestic ruminants to endocrine disrupting compounds

2002 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Boerjan ◽  
S. Freijnagel ◽  
S.M. Rhind ◽  
G.A.L. Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Domestic Ruminants ◽  
Reproductive Effects ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Contaminated Food

AbstractChemical compounds that mimic or block some of the actions of the steroid hormone oestradiol, have created public concern primarily because of potential adverse reproductive effects in wildlife and humans. Many studies, in vivo and in vitro, have revealed abnormal reproductive function following exposure to these compounds. The number of chemicals known to have the potential to modulate endocrine functions is increasing. In contrast to humans and wildlife, the potential reproductive effects of exposure of domestic animals to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDC) have been studied little. The aim of this overview is to evaluate the possible contribution of EDC to reproductive failure in domestic ruminants.Sources and classes of EDC are discussed as well as their structure and the modes of hormone disruption. Endocrine disrupting agents may interfere with the reproductive processes of both males and females at several points of the reproductive cycle and through a range of physiological mechanisms. Extrapolating from the results obtained with laboratory animals, the mechanisms whereby infertility in domestic ruminants might be expressed by exposure to EDC through contaminated food and drinking water are addressed.A preliminary risk assessment is included and it is concluded that under certain circumstances there may be a significantly enhanced intake of oestrogenic hormones and EDC through sewage-contaminated water or soil-contaminated herbage. The physiological consequences for domestic ruminants of EDC ingestion, at the rates estimated, are largely unknown. However, the levels of exposure to oestrogenic hormones and phthalates in grazing ruminants are such that when studying fertility problems in high-yielding dairy cattle the impacts of exposure to endocrine disruptors via the food and drinking water cannot be neglected.

scholarly journals Risk-based Decision Making in Rats: Modulation by Sex and Amphetamine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dannia Islas-Preciado ◽  
Steven R. Wainwright ◽  
Julia Sniegocki ◽  
Stephane E. Lieblich ◽  
Shunya Yagi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Risky Choice ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Risky Decision Making ◽  
Risky Decision ◽  
17Β Estradiol ◽  
Males And Females

AbstractDecision-making is a complex process essential to daily adaptation in many species. Risk is an inherent aspect of decision-making and it is influenced by gonadal hormones. Testosterone and 17β-estradiol may modulate decision making and impact the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway. Here, we explored sex differences, the effect of gonadal hormones and the dopamine agonist amphetamine on risk-based decision making. Intact or gonadectomised (GDX) male and female rats underwent to a probabilistic discounting task. High and low doses of testosterone propionate (1.0 or 0.2 mg) and 17β-estradiol benzoate (0.3 μg) were administered to assess acute effects on risk-based decision making. After 3-days of washout period, intact and GDX rats received high or low (0.5 or 0.125 mg/kg) doses of amphetamine and re-tested in the probabilistic discounting task. Under baseline conditions, males made more risky choices during probability discounting compared to female rats, particularly in the lower probability blocks, but GDX did not influence risky choice. The high, but not the low dose, of testosterone modestly reduced risky decision making in GDX male rats. Conversely, 17β-estradiol had no significant effect on risky choice regardless of GDX status in either sex. Lastly, a higher dose of amphetamine increased risky decision making in both intact males and females, but had no effect in GDX rats. These findings demonstrated sex differences in risk-based decision making, with males showing a stronger bias towards larger, uncertain rewards. GDX status influenced the effects of amphetamine, suggesting different dopaminergic regulation in risk-based choices among males and females.

Distinct mechanisms underlie the regulation of body fluid balance by neurokinin B and angiotensin II in the rat brain

2011 ◽  
Vol 1383 ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rie Asami ◽  
Kentaro Ono ◽  
Osamu Nakanishi ◽  
Kiyotoshi Inenaga
Keyword(s):  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Rat Brain ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Neurokinin B ◽  
Body Fluid Balance

Body Fluid Balance During Heat Stress in Humans

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Mack ◽  
Ethan R. Nadel
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Body Fluid Balance

17β-Estradiol modulates local cardiac renin-angiotensin system to prevent cardiac remodeling in the DOCA-salt model of hypertension in rats

Peptides ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2309-2315 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Shenoy ◽  
J.L. Grobe ◽  
Y. Qi ◽  
A.J. Ferreira ◽  
R.A. Fraga-Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Remodeling ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Renin Angiotensin ◽  
17Β Estradiol

Activation of kidney-directed neurons in the lamina terminalis by alterations in body fluid balance

2001 ◽  
Vol 281 (5) ◽  
pp. R1637-R1646 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Sly ◽  
M. J. McKinley ◽  
B. J. Oldfield
Keyword(s):  
Hypertonic Saline ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Lamina Terminalis ◽  
Ang Ii ◽  
Fos Protein ◽  
Neural Substrate ◽  
Body Fluid Balance

This study was undertaken to determine if neurons in the lamina terminalis, previously identified as projecting to the kidney (35), were responsive to alterations in stimuli associated with fluid balance homeostasis. Neurons in the lamina terminalis projecting to the kidney were identified by the retrograde transynaptic transport of Bartha's strain of pseudorabies virus in anesthetized rats. Rats were also exposed to 24-h water deprivation, intravenous hypertonic saline, or intracerebroventricular ANG II. To determine if “kidney-directed” neurons were activated following each stimulus, brain sections that included the lamina terminalis were examined immunohistochemically for viral antigen and Fos protein. With the exception of ANG II in the subfornical organ, all regions of the lamina terminalis contained neurons that were significantly activated by water deprivation, hypertonic saline, and ANG II. These results provide evidence for a neural substrate, which may underpin some of the effects of hypertonic saline and ANG II on renal function thought to be mediated through the lamina terminalis.

Thirst

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil E. Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Drinking Behavior ◽  
Fluid Loss ◽  
Incentive Salience ◽  
Motivated Behavior ◽  
Dry Food ◽  
Body Fluid Balance

Thirst is a specific and compelling sensation, often arising from internal signals of dehydration but modulated by many environmental variables. There are several historical landmarks in the study of thirst and drinking behavior. The basic physiology of body fluid balance is important, in particular the mechanisms that conserve fluid loss. The transduction of fluid deficits can be discussed in relation to osmotic pressure (osmoreceptors) and volume (baroreceptors). Other relevant issues include the neurobiological mechanisms by which these signals are transformed to intracellular and extracellular dehydration thirsts, respectively, including the prominent role of structures along the lamina terminalis. Other considerations are the integration of signals from natural dehydration conditions, including water deprivation, thermoregulatory fluid loss, and thirst associated with eating dry food. These mechanisms should also be considered within a broader theoretical framework of organization of motivated behavior based on incentive salience.

scholarly journals Developmental Profiles of Neuroendocrine Gene Expression in the Preoptic Area of Male Rats

Endocrinology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 2308-2316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deena M. Walker ◽  
Thomas E. Juenger ◽  
Andrea C. Gore
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Gonadal Hormones ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Serum Hormones ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Steroid Sensitive

Reproductive function is controlled by GnRH cells and their steroid-sensitive regulatory inputs. The proper maturation of this system is critical to sexual development and maintenance of adult function. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these developmental changes, and the potential roles of gonadal hormones in sculpting these processes, have not been fully explored. We performed a developmental profile from postnatal day (P) 1 through P60 of a network of five genes in the preoptic area (POA) that are critical to reproduction in male Sprague Dawley rats. GnRH, estrogen receptors-α, and -β, androgen receptor (AR), and progesterone receptor (PR) mRNAs in the POA were assayed, and serum hormones were measured, in developing male rats. We also used a Taqman low-density array to identify candidate genes that may be important in development. Of the five targeted genes, only AR and PR changed robustly (7- and 3- to 4-fold increases, respectively) during development. All of the gonadal serum hormones changed markedly and with very different patterns from their receptor mRNAs: testosterone decreased from P1 to P30 and then increased to P60; progesterone peaked on P30; and estradiol decreased from P1 to P30. Using the Taqman low-density array, we identified several genes that changed dramatically in the POA with development, particularly G protein-coupled receptor 30, IGF-I, vitamin D receptor, estrogen-related receptor-α, and thyroid receptor-α. Our data demonstrate developmental stage-specific changes in neuroendocrine genes, particularly AR and PR. Moreover, the relationships between hormones and their corresponding receptors undergo dynamic changes across development in male rats.

scholarly journals Rapid Action of Estrogens on Intracellular Calcium Oscillations in Primate Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone-1 Neurons

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 1155-1162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Abe ◽  
Kim L. Keen ◽  
Ei Terasawa
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Calcium ◽  
Direct Action ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Calcium Oscillations ◽  
Estrogen Action ◽  
Feedback Controls ◽  
Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone ◽  
Ici 182,780 ◽  
Rapid Action ◽  
17Β Estradiol

Feedback controls of estrogen in LHRH-1 neurons play a pivotal role in reproductive function. However, the mechanism of estrogen action in LHRH-1 neurons is still unclear. In the present study, the effect of estrogens on intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) oscillations in primate LHRH-1 neurons was examined. Application of 17β-estradiol (E2, 1 nm) for 10 min increased the frequency of [Ca2+]i oscillations within a few minutes. E2 also increased the frequency of [Ca2+]i synchronization among LHRH-1 neurons. Similar E2 effects on the frequency of [Ca2+]i oscillations were observed under the presence of tetrodotoxin, indicating that estrogen appears to cause direct action on LHRH-1 neurons. Moreover, application of a nuclear membrane-impermeable estrogen dendrimer conjugate, not control dendrimer, resulted in a robust increase in the frequencies of [Ca2+]i oscillations and synchronizations, indicating that effects estrogens on [Ca2+]i oscillations and their synchronizations do not require their entry into the cell nucleus. Exposure of cells to E2 in the presence of the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 did not change the E2-induced increase in the frequency of [Ca2+]i oscillations or the E2-induced increase in the synchronization frequency. Collectively, estrogens induce rapid, direct stimulatory actions through receptors located in the cell membrane/cytoplasm of primate LHRH-1 neurons, and this action of estrogens is mediated by an ICI 182,780-insensitive mechanism yet to be identified.

A SHORT HISTORY OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajko Igic
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Ace Inhibitors ◽  
Body Fluid ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Renin Angiotensin System ◽  
Short History ◽  
Angiotensin System ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hormone System

The renin-angiotesin system (RAS) was initially recognized as the body’s most powerful hormone system for controlling body fluid volumes and arterial pressure. Then, it was shown that the RAS operates at both systemic (endocrine) and tissue (local) level. Development of ACE inhibitors proved that the RAS is effective in controlling hypertension and heart failure, and in preventing the vascular injury in chronic diseases. The success of ACE inhibitors stimulated research into inhibitors of other components of this system. Major challenge in the future will be to utilize the technological advances for better understanding the physiology and pathophysiology of the RAS, and to develop new therapeutic paradigms. This article briefly reviews the research in this area, and points out the seventieth anniversary of angiotensin.

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