An Accepted Way of Life

Integrated ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
African American ◽  
Single Mother ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Running Water ◽  
White Schools ◽  
American Schools ◽  
First Time

This chapter discusses the 1958–1959 basketball season, when Lincoln Institute's chief rivals were no longer African American schools but local white schools in its KHSAA district. Gilliard was optimistic because of some new additions to the team, such as John Kavanaugh Cunningham, Clyde Mosby, and William Crayton from Crispus Attucks High School in Indianapolis, where future Hall of Famer and Olympic champion Oscar Robertson had played. Crayton's past was something of a mystery, but he was a great player who had problems controlling his temper. Cunningham lived with his single mother and two sisters in a house without electricity or running water, but he was determined to become the first in his family to graduate from high school. Lincoln started the season slowly but finished strong, winning the Thirtieth District tournament for the first time but losing in the regional championship game to an all-white team that had never played against blacks before.

Busing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Grundy
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
The Political ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Historically White ◽  
Mecklenburg County ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
White Schools ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
American Schools ◽  
Social Turmoil

Covers the political and social turmoil created as Mecklenburg County struggled with implementing the Swann desegregation order, which required extensive cross-town busing and which was unanimously upheld by the Supreme Court in 1971. Charts the devastating impact of the closing of African American schools, particularly Second Ward High School, in the wake of desegregation mandates. Details the challenges faced by African American teachers and students who were reassigned to historically white schools. Lays out the devastating effects of "urban renewal," which demolished the city's downtown black communities. Tells the story of the interracial, community-based coalition that solved the busing conflict by crafting a plan that ensured that students from all of the county's communities would fully participate, and assigned the children of politically powerful families to West Charlotte.

A Review of Los Angeles Unified Data Following the OCR Compliance Investigation

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1051-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Robert ◽  
Nathern S. A. Okilwa
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
White Students ◽  
African American Students ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
American Students ◽  
White Schools ◽  
American Schools

In 2011, the Office of Civil Rights (OCR) conducted a compliance review of the Los Angeles Unified School District (LAUSD) to examine the district’s provision of resources and opportunities to schools with predominantly African American students as compared with schools with predominantly White students. The purpose of this study is to examine the extent to which LAUSD has responded to OCR findings. Research questions include the following: (a) How do LAUSD majority White and majority African American elementary schools compare on performance indicator variables? (b) What are the differences in teacher quality variables between majority African American and majority White schools? (c) How successful has the OCR review been to date in accomplishing the outcomes advocated for by the OCR? Findings indicate that majority African American schools continue to have significantly lower teacher and student attendance, student performance, and percentage of students identified as gifted and talented (GT). African American students also continue to experience higher rates of disciplinary incidents as compared with White students.

Epilogue

Integrated ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
African American ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Executive Director ◽  
University Of Kentucky ◽  
Urban League ◽  
Us Air Force ◽  
The Us ◽  
American Schools

The epilogue discusses the last years of Lincoln Institute's existence as a boarding high school. Gilliard resigned after the 1960 state tournament to launch his own journey as a college administrator and dean. In 1961 Whitney M. Young Jr. was named executive director of the National Urban League and became one of the leading voices for civil rights in America. John N. Cunningham received an honorable discharge from the US Air Force and was hired by IBM in Lexington, where he captained the company basketball team. In a game against University of Kentucky freshmen, the twenty-eight-year-old Cunningham outscored and outrebounded every other player on the floor, drawing the ire of Kentucky's coach Adolph Rupp. The thirty-eight African American schools still operating in 1960 gradually closed over the next several years, and in 1967 only Louisville Central remained, as an integrated high school. Whitney M. Young Sr. retired when Lincoln ceased operations in 1966. He died in 1975 at age seventy-seven.

Organizing Athletics

Integrated ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
African American ◽  
Athletic Programs ◽  
Black Schools ◽  
Organized Sport ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Central High School ◽  
American Schools ◽  
High School Athletic ◽  
Central High

This chapter explores how basketball became an organized sport at black schools and its historical importance. As benefactors such as Julius Rosenwald poured support into education for young black men and women, athletic programs began to grow and flourish. By the 1920s, more than fifty African American high schools in Kentucky were engaged in sports competition. In 1932 educators from the Kentucky Negro Educational Association organized the Kentucky High School Athletic League (KHSAL) to standardize rules and equalize competition. Whitney Young of Lincoln Institute and William Kean of Louisville Central High School were instrumental in organizing Kentucky's African American schools into a statewide association. The first state championship sponsored by the KHSAL was the annual boys basketball tournament.

At the Highest Level

Integrated ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
African American ◽  
High Schools ◽  
School Boards ◽  
Athletic Director ◽  
Local School ◽  
American Schools ◽  
Basketball Team ◽  
High School Athletic ◽  
Integrated Schools

Principals and coaches from African American high schools in Kentucky began peppering the formerly all-white Kentucky High School Athletic Association (KHSAA) with questions regarding membership. Young acted quickly, and in 1956 Lincoln Institute became one of the first KHSAL members to be accepted into the KHSAA. The KHSAA state tournament had its first African American participants in March 1957, and the KHSAL ceased operations. A dozen African American schools closed after their local school boards submitted plans for integration, and their former students strengthened the teams at some of the newly integrated schools. The Lincoln basketball team faced a rebuilding year in 1955–1956 after John Cunningham and members of the 1955 state championship team graduated. Young hired Walter Gilliard as athletic director, and he succeeded Herbert Garner as head basketball coach the following year.

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