scholarly journals Unspooling the Legacy of Submarine Cables

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
M. Wynn Tranfield
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Global Communication ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable ◽  
Submarine Cables

Submarine cables represent an invisible yet crucial infrastructure that enable all manner of global communication. Despite their impact, they are seldom a matter of public interest or debate. Further, they are uniquely represented in state, federal, and international legislation. Throughout history, legislative concerns surrounding submarine cables have shifted from colonial monopolies to environmental health and national security. The following document examines the evolution of submarine cables from the first transatlantic copper wire cable to the present fiber-optic cable boom through the legislative lens.

scholarly journals Performance Comparison Between Copper Cables and Fiber Optic in Data Transfer on Banjarmasin Weather Temperature Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 05022
Author(s):  
Husnul Khatimi ◽  
Eka Setya Wijaya ◽  
Andreyan Rizky Baskara ◽  
Yuslena Sari
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Packet Loss ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Copper Wire ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable

Copper wire cable and fiber optic cable are two communication media that are widely used in building data communication networks in today’s modern era. For network administrators, choosing the right type of cable to build a network is a must. Air temperature is one of the external factors that can affect the performance of network equipment. This paper provides a comparative analysis of the differences in performance between the use of fiber optic cables and copper wire cables which are capable of transferring data of 1 Gigabit per second. Performance measurement analysis includes the ability to transfer data from both media such as latency, throughput, and packet loss. For testing latency and throughput is done by sending as many as 65,000 data 30 times for each media. Whereas for packet loss testing is done by sending 10,000 data within 1 minute using test bandwidth on the Mikrotik router. From the test results, it can be seen that there is an effect of temperature changes on the performance of copper wire cable and fiber optic cable. The higher the air temperature, the packet loss, and latency will increase. As for the throughput value, the temperature only affects the throughput value on fiber optic cable and does not affect throughput on the copper wire cable.

The ROLE OF CHINA-PAK ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (CPEC) IN LOGISTIC SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN’S AND CHINA’S

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-50
Author(s):  
Ikram Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Persian Gulf ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Delivery Time ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Economic Complexity ◽  
Shipping Cost ◽  
The Impact

This study will explain the impact of China-Pak Economic Corridor (CPEC) on logistic system of China and Pakistan. This project is estimated investment of US $90 billion, CPEC project is consists of various sub-projects including energy, road, railway and fiber optic cable but major portion will be spent on energy. This project will start from Kashgar port of china to Gwadar port of Pakistan. Transportation is sub-function of logistic that consists of 44% total cost of logistic system and 20% total cost of production of manufacturing and mainly shipping cost and transit/delivery time are critical for logistic system. According to OEC (The Observing Economic Complexity) currently, china is importing crude oil which 13.4% from Persian Gulf. CPEC will china for lead time that will be reduced from 45 days to 10 days and distance from 2500km to 1300km. This new route will help to china for less transit/deliver time and shipping cost in terms of logistic of china. Pakistan’s transportation will also improve through road, railway and fiber optic cabal projects from Karachi-Peshawar it will have speed 160km per hour and with help of pipeline between Gwadar to Nawabshah gas will be transported from Iran. According to (www.cpec.inf.com) Pakistan logistic industry will grow by US $30.77 billion in the end of 2020.

Optical data signals in fiber optic communication links with fading

2019 ◽  
pp. 94-104
Author(s):  
I. Juwiler ◽  
I. Bronfman ◽  
N. Blaunstein
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Efficiency ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable ◽  
Optical Signals ◽  
Dispersion Properties ◽  
Optical Cable ◽  
Time Dispersion ◽  
Communication Links ◽  
Fiber Optic Communication ◽  
Optic Communication

Introduction: This article is based on the recent research work in the field of two subjects: signal data parameters in fiber optic communication links, and dispersive properties of optical signals caused by non-homogeneous material phenomena and multimode propagation of optical signals in such kinds of wired links.Purpose: Studying multimode dispersion by analyzing the propagation of guiding optical waves along a fiber optic cable with various refractive index profiles of the inner optical cable (core) relative to the outer cladding, as well as dispersion properties of a fiber optic cable due to inhomogeneous nature of the cladding along the cable, for two types of signal code sequences transmitted via the cable: return-to-zero and non-return-to-zero ones.Methods: Dispersion properties of multimode propagation inside a fiber optic cable are analyzed with an advanced 3D model of optical wave propagation in a given guiding structure. The effects of multimodal dispersion and material dispersion causing the optical signal delay spread along the cable were investigated analytically and numerically.Results: Time dispersion properties were obtained and graphically illustrated for two kinds of fiber optic structures with different refractive index profiles. The dispersion was caused by multimode (e.g. multi-ray) propagation and by the inhomogeneous nature of the material along the cable. Their effect on the capacity and spectral efficiency of a data signal stream passing through such a guiding optical structure is illustrated for arbitrary refractive indices of the inner (core) and outer (cladding) elements of the optical cable. A new methodology is introduced for finding and evaluating the effects of time dispersion of optical signals propagating in fiber optic structures of various kinds. An algorithm is proposed for estimating the spectral efficiency loss measured in bits per second per Hertz per each kilometer along the cable, for arbitrary presentation of the code signals in the data stream, non-return-to zero or return-to-zero ones. All practical tests are illustrated by MATLAB utility.

300°C Optical Communications

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (HiTEC) ◽  
pp. 000013-000017
Author(s):  
Emad Andarawis ◽  
Cheng-Po (Paul) Chen ◽  
Baokai Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Optical Communications ◽  
Dark Current ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Extreme Temperature ◽  
Wide Bandgap ◽  
Fiber Optic Cable ◽  
Optical Link ◽  
Data Rates ◽  
Light Coupling

Abstract A high temperature optical link capable of multi-megabits per second data rates at 300°C is presented. The system utilizes wide bandgap optical sources and detectors to achieve extreme temperature operation. Testing was conducted at multiple temperatures between room temperature and 325°C and at multiple light source currents. Light coupling into and out of a UV capable optical fiber was evaluated, and a model was created utilizing the test data of the photodiode dark current and the fiber optic cable insertion loss and attenuation and assess optical communications capability to 325°C and beyond.

Regional integration and infrastructure connectivity in Africa

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Mubila ◽  
Tito Yepes
Keyword(s):  
Regional Integration ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Regional Public Goods ◽  
Infrastructure Provision ◽  
Compensation Mechanisms ◽  
Small Countries ◽  
Sound Management ◽  
Submarine Cables

Regional infrastructure is one aspect of broader regional integration. In contrast to economic or political integration, however, cooperation in infrastructure provision is easier to achieve, because benefits are more clearly defined, and countries need to cede less sovereignty. Regional infrastructure cooperation is therefore an effective initial step on the path to broader integration. Some countries have more to gain from regional integration than others. Landlocked countries depend particularly on effective road and rail corridors to the sea, as well as on intra-continental fiber-optic backbones that link them to submarine cables. Coastal countries depend particularly on sound management of water resources upstream. Small countries benefit especially from regional power trade that reduces the costs of energy supply. If regional integration provides a substantial economic dividend to some of the participating countries, designing compensation mechanisms that benefit all of them should be possible. However, financing regional public goods tend to be problematic.

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