scholarly journals Propylene Glycol Toxicity in Children

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 277-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terri Y. Lim ◽  
Robert L. Poole ◽  
Natalie M. Pageler
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Laboratory Monitoring ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Patients At Risk ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Pharmaceutical Agents

Propylene glycol (PG) is a commonly used solvent for oral, intravenous, and topical pharmaceutical agents. Although PG is generally considered safe, when used in high doses or for prolonged periods, PG toxicity can occur. Reported adverse effects from PG include central nervous system (CNS) toxicity, hyperosmolarity, hemolysis, cardiac arrhythmia, seizures, agitation, and lactic acidosis. Patients at risk for toxicity include infants, those with renal or hepatic insuficiency, epilepsy, and burn patients receiving extensive dermal applications of PG containing products. Laboratory monitoring of PG levels, osmolarity, lactate, pyruvate, bicarbonate, creatinine, and anion gap can assist practitioners in making the diagnosis of PG toxicity. Numerous studies and case reports have been published on PG toxicity in adults. However, very few have been reported in pediatric patient populations. A review of the literature is presented.

Anatomic Considerations in Complications of Endoscopic and Intranasal Sinus Surgery

1994 ◽  
Vol 103 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Streitmann ◽  
Randal A. Otto ◽  
Connie S. Sakai
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Sinus Surgery ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Lacrimal Sac ◽  
Anatomic Landmarks ◽  
Orbital Hematoma

Complications of endoscopic and classic intranasal sinus surgery have been documented by case reports and large retrospective reviews. The most serious complications have involved violation of the intracranial space or orbit. Hemorrhage has also proven to be a significant cause of morbidity, either of itself, or by limiting visualization and thus contributing to other injuries. Although numerous studies have been performed to determine various anatomic relationships, relatively few have addressed relationships that use practical reference points easily accessible to the endoscopic or intranasal sinus surgeon. In an effort to reduce the risk of complications such as blindness, orbital hematoma, and injury to the lacrimal sac or central nervous system, we have performed 50 cadaver dissections and measured 7 anatomic landmarks that may aid the surgeon in preventing these complications. We have also included a review of the literature concerning the complications of endoscopic and intranasal sinus surgery addressed herein.

Primary Hodgkin lymphoma of the central nervous system: Two case reports and review of the literature

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 658-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Lee Kresak ◽  
Johnny Nguyen ◽  
Kondi Wong ◽  
Richard Davis
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hodgkin Lymphoma ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Palinopsia: A Review of the Literature

1991 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Stagno ◽  
Todd J. Gates
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Seizure Activity ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Cerebral Infarct ◽  
Occipital Region ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Central Nervous System Pathology ◽  
The Right

The literature on palinopsia (visual perseveration) is reviewed, utilizing case reports of 46 patients who demonstrated this symptom. The most common etiologies for this symptom are space-occupying lesions, cerebral infarct, and seizure activity. The vast majority are due to central nervous system pathology occurring in the posterior (occipital or parieto-occipital) region, often in the right hemisphere. Proposed mechanisms for palinopsia are also discussed.

scholarly journals Multiple Myeloma of the Central Nervous System: 13 Cases and Review of the Literature

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergely Varga ◽  
Gábor Mikala ◽  
László Gopcsa ◽  
Zoltán Csukly ◽  
Sarolta Kollai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Rare Complication ◽  
Clonal Evolution ◽  
Central Nervous System Involvement ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Central nervous system involvement is a rare complication of multiple myeloma with extremely poor prognosis as it usually fails to respond to therapy. We present 13 cases diagnosed at two centers in Budapest and review the current literature. The majority of our cases presented with high-risk features initially; two had plasma cell leukemia. Repeated genetic tests showed clonal evolution in 3 cases. Treatments varied according to the era, and efficacy was poor as generally reported in the literature. Only one patient is currently alive, with 3-month follow-up, and the patient responded to daratumumab-based treatment. Recent case reports show promising effectivity of pomalidomide and marizomib.

Monitoring of tricyclic antidepressant plasma levels and clinical response: a review of the literature. Part II

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.R. De Oliveira ◽  
P.A.S. Do Prado-Lima ◽  
B. Samuel-Lajeunesse
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Elderly Patients ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressant ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Central Nervous System Toxicity ◽  
Routine Measurement ◽  
System Toxicity

SummaryPart II of this paper contains some general considerations on tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) monitoring. Long-term assessment of TCA plasma levels is advised by the few existent studies, although each of these focusses on different aspects. Cardiovascular and central nervous system toxicity is reviewed as well as pharmacokinetics and the importance of protein binding. Some consideration is also given to their use in elderly patients. The authors conclude that although available data support its usefulness in many situations, routine measurement of TCA levels is not warranted.

scholarly journals Severe Gastrooesophageal Reflux Disease Associated with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
N. K. Sujay ◽  
Matthew Jones ◽  
Emma Whittle ◽  
Helen Murphy ◽  
Marcus K. H. Auth
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Reflux Disease ◽  
Prenatal Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Alcohol Exposure ◽  
Central Nervous System Dysfunction ◽  
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome ◽  
Gastrooesophageal Reflux

Prenatal alcohol exposure may have adverse effects on the developing foetus resulting in significant growth restriction, characteristic craniofacial features, and central nervous system dysfunction. The toxic effects of alcohol on the developing brain are well recognised. However, little is known about the effects of alcohol on the developing gastrointestinal tract or their mechanism. There are few case reports showing an association between foetal alcohol syndrome and gastrointestinal neuropathy. We report a rare association between foetal alcohol syndrome and severe gastrooesophageal reflux disease in an infant who ultimately required fundoplication to optimise her growth and nutrition. The child had failed to respond to maximal medical treatment (domperidone and omeprazole), high calorie feeds, PEG feeding, or total parenteral nutrition. The effect of alcohol on the developing foetus is not limited to the central nervous system but also can have varied and devastating effects on the gastrointestinal tract.

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