scholarly journals A Critical Examination of Gertrude Bell’s Contribution to Archaeological Research in Central Asia Minor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. C. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Archaeological Method ◽  
Gertrude Bell ◽  
High Standards

This chapter considers the contribution made by Gertrude Bell to developing archaeological method in the early 20th century and its legacy. The Thousand and One Churches, written with Sir William Ramsay and published in 1909, remains the key study of Byzantine churches in central Anatolia. While it set high standards in the recording of buildings, it also served to reinforce the culture-historical approaches of the early 20th century. Left behind by most archaeologists in the second half of the 20th century, such approaches have continued in some circles. The chapter considers the extent to which Bell was following and contributing to established archaeological practice. It considers also the problems of her methodological approach in order to inform a critique of the legacy of her research and to provide insights into her critical thinking and strategies for networking.

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Boaz Huss
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
Jewish Mysticism ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Academic Study ◽  
The Revolution

The introduction presents Martin Buber’s early 20th century attempt to expose the existence of “Jewish mysticism,” and the later establishment of the academic study of Jewish mysticism by Geshom Scholem, and the revolution that occurred in the study of Jewish mysticsm in the 1980’s. The introduction outlines the genealogical study and critical examination of the concept and research field of Jewish mysticism that will be presented in the book, and explains that it seeks to expose the deep-rooted factors that have guided (and continue to guide) the identification of Kabbalah and Hasidism as mysticism, and how these influence the ways in which these movements are interpreted and studied. It discussed that two central claims that guide the discussion in this book. The first is that mysticism, in general, and Jewish mysticism, in particular, are not natural and universal phenomena that were discovered by researchers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Rather, these are discursive constructs which served to catalogue, compare, and explain a broad range of cultural products and social structures not necessarily related to one another. The second claim that guides the discussion of the study of Jewish mysticism involves the theological assumptions that underpin the category of mysticism.

Linguistic science and nationalist revolution: Expert knowledge and the making of sameness in pre-independence Ireland

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIGITTINE M. FRENCH
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Armed Struggle ◽  
Spoken Discourse ◽  
Linguistic Ideology ◽  
Irish People ◽  
Nationalist Sentiment

ABSTRACTThis article examines the linguistic ideological work entailed in the analyses of Irish by the “revolutionary scholar” and cofounder of the Gaelic League, Eoin MacNeill. It does so to discern one central way in which the essentialized link between the Irish language and a unified Irish people became an efficacious political construction during the armed struggle for independence in the early 20th century. It shows how MacNeill used authoritative linguistic science to engender nationalist sentiment around Irish through semiotic processes even as he challenged a dominant conception of language prevalent in European nationalist movements and social thought. The essay argues that MacNeill wrote against the unilateral valorization of codified linguistic homogeneity and embraced the heterogeneous variation of spoken discourse even as he sought to consolidate Irish national identity through sameness claims. This critical examination suggests that scholars of nationalism reconsider the taken-for-granted homogenizing efforts of nationalist endeavors that are ubiquitously presumed to negatively sanction linguistic variation. (Nationalism, linguistic ideology, Ireland, semiotics, heterogeneity, Eoin MacNeill, Gaelic League, Europe, scientific knowledge)

N.Ya. Danilevsky’s Historiosophy and the Problem of the Significance of Russian Philosophy

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Igor N. Tyapin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Western Philosophy ◽  
Classical Period ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Practical Orientation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Deep Crisis

The article is devoted to the understanding of N.Ya. Danilevsky’s historiosophical concept in the context of the results and prospects of researching the history of Russian philosophy. The article substantiates the thesis about the significance of Russian thought, which developed in the 19th – early 20th century the methodological approach based on the principles of lax systematization, rejection of extremes and content completeness. The author brings forward the problem of insufficient research into the hidden influence of Russian thought on Western philosophy of the non-classical period by comparing the philosophical and historical views of N.Ya. Danilevsky and O. Spengler. The author states his vision of the goals and results of further research work of the community of Russian philosophy historians in the context of the deep crisis of modern Western philosophy, which has not only theoretical, but also practical orientation, associated with the actu

scholarly journals The «Khazar myth» as perceived by the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Vladimir Yurevich Bystryukov
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Jewish People ◽  
The State ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
History Of

A problem of continuity has always been a topical subject in Eurasian historiography and the name of L.N. Gumilyov appeard in this context most often. Some researchers recognized the ideological connection between the concept and Gumilyov, while the others rejected continuity and divided them: Russian philosophy of the early 20th century and Soviet scientism of the middle of 20th century. One of the plots is usually used to compare the ideas of the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov it is an assessment of the role of the Khazar Kaganate in the history of the Eastern Slavs. Moreover, it was reviewed by the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov. G.V. Vernadsky presented the history of Eurasia as a consistent set of attempts to create a unified state. Khazaria existed in the era of disintegration in the context of the state-forming process in Eurasia, based on the principle of rhythm. According to L.N. Gumilyov, the Khazars were colonized by representatives of the Persian and Byzantine branches of the Jewish people. The mix of the Khazar and Jewish ethnic groups was weighed down by the national traditions, which became the determining aspect of their different destinies. The Khazar Kaganate established political power in the Volga Bulgaria and Kievan Rus, had benefited from the intermediary trade between Europe and China, and only Svyatoslavs campaign became a closure of existence of this ethnic chimera. It can be said that the methodological approach of the Eurasians and L.N. Gumilyov to the problem of Khazaria was fundamentally different and the only unifying factor was that these events were unfolding in the space of Russia-Eurasia.

Heteroglossic itineraries and silent spaces: the desert cartographies of Gertrude Bell and TE Lawrence

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-601
Author(s):  
Emma Notfors
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Travel Narratives ◽  
Early Research ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Central Importance ◽  
Imaginative Geography ◽  
Gertrude Bell ◽  
The Relationship

This article advocates for the central importance of examining cartography for the understanding of literary travel narratives, focussing on accounts of travel in the deserts of the Middle East written by Gertrude Bell and TE Lawrence, both explorers, archaeologists and authors who were implicated in British activities in the Middle East before, during and after the Arab Revolt, and who travelled through the region during the early 20th century. This article seeks to explore the connections between the authors’ textual depictions and the maps that they authored, using close readings of their travel narratives and their maps to arrive at a more profound understanding of how these processes of authorship resulted in the production and mediation of ‘Arabia’ as an imaginative geography. Drawing on archival research and a range of textual sources, the development of this literary geography is traced through the early research of TE Lawrence on crusader castles in Syria and Lebanon, Gertrude Bell’s descriptions of using maps in The Desert and the Sown, Lawrence’s account of collating a map of Sinai for the War Office and the relationship between local navigational knowledges with their cartographic activities.

scholarly journals “On the proper keeping of linen and clothes”: organization of laundry in urban noble-intellectual families of Russia in the second half of the 19th — early 20th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 144-153
Author(s):  
V.A. Veremenko
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Reconstruction Method ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Domestic Servants ◽  
Domestic Servant ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
Special Person ◽  
History Of

The article is aimed at characterization of the ways of laundry organization in the urban noble-intellectual families of post-reform Russia, identification of the extent of innovations in this area, and of the degree of transition of this activity from the field of domestic labour to social production. The sources of the research include paperwork of laundry facili-ties, statistical data, numerous housekeeping manuals and instructions for laundry organization, memoirs, diaries and house books of urban nobles, especially noble women, and, finally, fiction and publicistic writings of this period. The study follows a methodological approach that combines research methods characteristic for the history of everyday life (first of all, historical reconstruction method), the theory of sociocultural dynamics, and the theory of “topochron”. The author concludes that, despite the significant increase of personal participation of educated housewives in household chores, which took place at the end of the 19th — beginning of the 20th century, this change did not extend to laundry, which was completely delegated to a special person — laundress. The employee herself could act as a single-family domestic servant, a worker who served in a laundry establishment or an independent day laborer who offered her ser-vices to all concerned. Moreover, the first group — laundresses — domestic servants — was extremely rare in the post-reform period. Washing could be carried out both “at the owners’ home”, and “on the side”. “Home washing”, which provided a theoretical opportunity for the employer to control the employee’s activities, was regarded as more preferable, both in terms of service quality and price. Active development of the laundry networks in the late 19th — early 20th century, some of which used machine washing, had little impact on lives of educated citizens. The laundries were oriented, first of all, to work with institutions, and among the “citizens” their services were mainly used by small noble-intellectual families who did not have an opportunity to invite a day labourer. Throughout the post-reform period, handwashing continued to be the most popular way to care for clothing, and the nature of the laundress’s labor re-mained virtually unchanged, still staying “backbreaking” and extremely poorly mechanized.

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