In the struggle to reduce gender inequalities, women were recognized as having rights during the liberal reform movements and achieved greater access to education in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. They then began to form their own organizations, demand voting rights, and join major social struggles. In the mid-twentieth century, women began to modernize their living conditions in the context of the Cold War, development policies, and broader access to contraceptive methods that allowed them greater control over their reproductive capacity. At the same time, they gained a greater foothold in the labor market and education, began to become professionals, and joined movements promoting the democratization of their societies, including through armed struggle. Beginning in the 1990s, pro-feminist laws and institutions were created throughout the region, against which conservative religious and neoliberal forces have pushed back. Despite important gains, the progress achieved by women has been strongly influenced by class, ethnic, generational, and geographical differences, so young, urban, White, and mixed-race women of the middle and upper classes have been able to take better advantage of the new opportunities than have their indigenous, Afro-descendant, rural, working-class, and older counterparts.