Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Boaz Huss
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Cultural Products ◽  
Jewish Mysticism ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Academic Study ◽  
The Revolution

The introduction presents Martin Buber’s early 20th century attempt to expose the existence of “Jewish mysticism,” and the later establishment of the academic study of Jewish mysticism by Geshom Scholem, and the revolution that occurred in the study of Jewish mysticsm in the 1980’s. The introduction outlines the genealogical study and critical examination of the concept and research field of Jewish mysticism that will be presented in the book, and explains that it seeks to expose the deep-rooted factors that have guided (and continue to guide) the identification of Kabbalah and Hasidism as mysticism, and how these influence the ways in which these movements are interpreted and studied. It discussed that two central claims that guide the discussion in this book. The first is that mysticism, in general, and Jewish mysticism, in particular, are not natural and universal phenomena that were discovered by researchers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Rather, these are discursive constructs which served to catalogue, compare, and explain a broad range of cultural products and social structures not necessarily related to one another. The second claim that guides the discussion of the study of Jewish mysticism involves the theological assumptions that underpin the category of mysticism.

scholarly journals FROM MIGRANT WORKERS TO THE “EASTERN BATTALION” OF THE RED ARMY: DYNAMICS OF THE IMAGE OF THE CHINESE IN THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-140
Author(s):  
A. A. Avdashkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Chinese Migrants ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Red Army ◽  
The Revolution

The article analyzes the transformation of the image of Chinese labor migrants into the participants of the military conflict on the side of the Bolsheviks. The analysis of how the image of the Chinese workers was reformatted into the Red Army soldiers made it possible to reveal the cultural and historical specificity of the image of the Chinese, to show its main components and meaningful specifics before the revolution and during the Civil War. The source base was made up of materials from periodicals; archival documents of the Russian State Military Archive; and propaganda posters of the “white” movement. The texts published in the pre-revolutionary periodicals reflect the mass perception of Chinese migrants. The materials of the Bolshevik newspapers contain elements of the official discourse on Chinese migrants in the parts of the Red Army. Documents from the Office of the Moscow Military District, as well as the Army Directorate of the Southern Front, complement the picture created by newspaper reports. “White” movement posters were a powerful means of visualizing the enemy (in this case, the Chinese) on the side of the Bolsheviks. Historical imagology served as the methodological basis; to analyze press texts, content and discourse analysis was used. Diligence, impersonality, unpretentiousness, and the rapid development of new areas of activities formed the basis of the image of a Chinese migrant in the early 20th century Russia. The interpretation of this cultural construct depended on the use of one or another social optics. Before the revolution, partial or full recognition / denial of the ideology of the “yellow peril” made the Chinese either an effective tool for expansion or a workforce, the use of which should be streamlined and regulated as much as possible. Under the conditions of revolutionary upheavals, the characteristics of the Chinese in mass culture for some turned into a marker of threat and danger, and for others - into a criterion for choosing an ally.

Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Inclusion: a Literature Review in the Research Field

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
A. V. Zelenin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
World Population ◽  
Observational Method ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Pedagogical Models ◽  
Critical Interpretation

The history of the appearance and development of the concepts of dyslexia, dysgraphia and inclusion is considered in the article. The research methods are the method of critical interpretation, the method of conceptualization, the observational method. The terms of dyslexia and dysgraphia attracted the doctor’s attention in the Late 19th – Early 20th Century. An explanation of their causes focused on medical aspects (ophthalmological factors, brain asymmetry, etc.). Linguistic and social argumentations of these deviations have appeared in the 1970s. The number of students with difficulties in reading and writing in the world is quite large and amounts to at least 10% of the total world population. In the 1980–1990s, the question arose of the stages of the such student’s integration in the general educational process. The three pedagogical models were used in were used in education throughout the 20th century: segregation, integration and inclusion. Although the inclusion assumes the equal participation of all children, without exception, in the educational process, nevertheless there is no consensus on the widespread of this model in education among the students’ parents and pedagogical community.

scholarly journals An Architecture of Closeness: The Ross Family Double Farmhouse in St. Mary’s, Nova Scotia

2021 ◽  
Vol 90-91 ◽  
pp. 59-89
Author(s):  
Meghann E. Jack
Keyword(s):  
Nova Scotia ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Rural Landscape ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Family Farm ◽  
Economic Underdevelopment ◽  
The Stability

This paper analyzes an early 20th-century double or duplex farmhouse in the St. Mary’s River valley of northeastern Nova Scotia built by brothers Thomas and George Ross. Although double houses are common in urban and industrial contexts where an economy of space is required, such forms are atypical across the agricultural built landscape. In exploring the shared architecture of the Ross family farm, this paper seeks to understand the Ross family and their idiosyncratic architectural choice in the context of a rapidly changing rural landscape where economic underdevelopment and outmigration threatened the stability of established social structures. While partition may seemingly create a division between those living in double or duplex houses, in the case of the Ross family, the farmhouse reproduced and strengthened kinship.

scholarly journals La Barranquilla de Voces: ejercicios de una re-cartografía espacial. ¿Cómo circuló la revista Voces vista como una materialidad?

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 73-102
Author(s):  
Luis Alfonso Barragán
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Literary Materials ◽  
Literary System ◽  
The Way

To socialize the study made to the Voces Magazine - Barranquillera magazine of the early 20th century that promoted literary materials - from a space and material reading in which maps will be used - GPS type, Google maps - both for the reconstruction of Barranquilla Of that time as to unveil the way the magazine circulated in and out of space. What is sought in this research work is to make the geography visible - to bring geography back to the debate of the social sciences - seen as a definitive and conclusive element in literary invention re-locating the concept of map as much as a category of study And analysis as an instrument of observation and research for the development of a historical and literary corpus, and in this case, a literary "system" in Barranquilla. This new turn that I propose with the use of digital platforms aims to reveal the discursive relationship that exists between the way the characters are situated - the genesis of producers and acting institutions that operated in and from the urban as well as the practices involved in The elaboration, edition, manufacture and circulation of the magazine in Barranquilla space, as well as of the spatial correspondences between the social structures of the Barranquilla of that time-economic, cultural, political, and especially urban-fields with the structures and motivations "Internal to the Voices literary" system ". 

Miriam Tildesley and the Anthropological Politics of Standardizing Racial Measurements

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-59
Author(s):  
Iris Clever
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Physical Anthropology ◽  
International Community ◽  
Research Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Measurement Practices

Abstract This article examines to what extent nationalist and sexist sentiment and international politics shaped attempts to universalize measurement practices in physical anthropology. On the one hand, racial scientists were interested in creating an international community with a universalized methodology and developing a global taxonomy of human races. On the other hand, they chauvinistically guarded their localized practices from outside influences. By following the standardization efforts of British biometrician Miriam Tildesley, a female racial scientist adamant on unifying a research field largely dominated by men from different countries, this article argues that intersecting forces of nationalism, internationalism, and sexism shaped anthropological practices in the early 20th century.

Linguistic science and nationalist revolution: Expert knowledge and the making of sameness in pre-independence Ireland

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 607-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIGITTINE M. FRENCH
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Expert Knowledge ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Armed Struggle ◽  
Spoken Discourse ◽  
Linguistic Ideology ◽  
Irish People ◽  
Nationalist Sentiment

ABSTRACTThis article examines the linguistic ideological work entailed in the analyses of Irish by the “revolutionary scholar” and cofounder of the Gaelic League, Eoin MacNeill. It does so to discern one central way in which the essentialized link between the Irish language and a unified Irish people became an efficacious political construction during the armed struggle for independence in the early 20th century. It shows how MacNeill used authoritative linguistic science to engender nationalist sentiment around Irish through semiotic processes even as he challenged a dominant conception of language prevalent in European nationalist movements and social thought. The essay argues that MacNeill wrote against the unilateral valorization of codified linguistic homogeneity and embraced the heterogeneous variation of spoken discourse even as he sought to consolidate Irish national identity through sameness claims. This critical examination suggests that scholars of nationalism reconsider the taken-for-granted homogenizing efforts of nationalist endeavors that are ubiquitously presumed to negatively sanction linguistic variation. (Nationalism, linguistic ideology, Ireland, semiotics, heterogeneity, Eoin MacNeill, Gaelic League, Europe, scientific knowledge)

“C’est un bourgeois, mais non un bourgeois ordinaire”: The Contested Afterlife of Ingres’s Portrait of Louis-François Bertin

2021 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 220-247
Author(s):  
Richard Wrigley
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Paris Salon ◽  
Public Exhibition ◽  
The Revolution

Abstract Ingres’s portrait of Louis-François Bertin (1832) has been universally accepted as a visual “apotheosis” of the newly powerful early 19th-century bourgeoisie in France. Here, we study the inconsistencies and contestation which contributed to this identification. Beginning with the moment of its first public exhibition in the 1833 Paris Salon, this article traces Bertin’s evolving reputation as an image of its epoch, focusing on its reappearance in public first at the Bazar Bonne-Nouvelle in 1846, and then in the display of Ingres’s works at the Exposition Universelle of 1855. This leads to a critical assessment of how the picture’s role as a political emblem has been related to later assertions that it also exemplified the artist’s incipient modernism. The exhibition of works by Ingres at the Paris Salon d’Automne in 1905 allows us to take stock of claims made about the picture’s status in the early 20th century. However, in contrast to the habitual desire to modernise Ingres (and thereby to detach him from a lingering taint of academicism), this article argues that a key element in the reception of Ingres’s portrait in the second half of the 19th century is a recognition of its rootedness in values emanating from the Revolution of 1789, embodied both in the person of LouisFrançois Bertin and Ingres’s representation of him.

scholarly journals A Critical Examination of Gertrude Bell’s Contribution to Archaeological Research in Central Asia Minor

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark P. C. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Central Anatolia ◽  
Asia Minor ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Archaeological Method ◽  
Gertrude Bell ◽  
High Standards

This chapter considers the contribution made by Gertrude Bell to developing archaeological method in the early 20th century and its legacy. The Thousand and One Churches, written with Sir William Ramsay and published in 1909, remains the key study of Byzantine churches in central Anatolia. While it set high standards in the recording of buildings, it also served to reinforce the culture-historical approaches of the early 20th century. Left behind by most archaeologists in the second half of the 20th century, such approaches have continued in some circles. The chapter considers the extent to which Bell was following and contributing to established archaeological practice. It considers also the problems of her methodological approach in order to inform a critique of the legacy of her research and to provide insights into her critical thinking and strategies for networking.

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