scholarly journals Examination of children decision making using clues during the logical reasoning process

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 783-788
Author(s):  
Celik Meryem
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Process

scholarly journals A Semantic Web-based Representation of Human-logical Inference for Solving Bongard Problems

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 1343-1363
Author(s):  
Jisha Maniamma ◽  
Hiroaki Wagatsuma
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Semantic Web ◽  
Description Logic ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Hierarchical Level ◽  
Logical Inference ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Target Frame

Bongard Problems (BPs) are a set of 100 visual puzzles introduced by M. M. Bongard in the mid-1960s. BPs have been established as benchmark puzzles for understanding the human context-based learning abilities to solve ill- posed problems. The puzzle requires the logical explanation as the answer to distinct two classes of figures from redundant options, which can be obtained by a thinking process to alternatively change the target frame (hierarchical level of analogy) of thinking from a wide range concept networks as D. R. Hofstadter suggested. Some minor research results to solve a limited set of BPs have reported based a single architecture accompanied with probabilistic approaches; however the central problem on BP's difficulties is the requirement of flexible changes of the target frame, therefore non-hierarchical cluster analyses does not provide the essential solution and hierarchical probabilistic models needs to include unnecessary levels for learning from the beginning to prevent a prompt decision making. We hypothesized that logical reasoning process with limited numbers of meta-data descriptions realizes the sophisticated and prompt decision-making and the performance is validated by using BPs. In this study, a semantic web-based hierarchical model to solve BPs was proposed as the minimum and transparent system to mimic human-logical inference process in solving of BPs by using the Description Logic (DL) with assertions on concepts (TBox) and individuals (ABox). Our results demonstrated that the proposed model not only provided individual solutions as a BP solver, but also proved the correctness of Hofstadter's idea as the flexible frame with concept networks for BPs in our actual implementation, which no one has ever achieved. This fact will open the new horizon for theories for designing of logical reasoning systems especially for critical judgments and serious decision-making as expert humans do in a transparent and descriptive way of why they judged in that manner.

scholarly journals A Decision Making Approach Based on Hesitant Fuzzy Linguistic-Valued Credibility Reasoning

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-64
Author(s):  
Xin Liu ◽  
Xiaoying Song ◽  
Wei Gao ◽  
Li Zou ◽  
Álvaro Labella Romero
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Rule Base ◽  
Social Risk ◽  
Uncertainty Reasoning ◽  
Suitable Alternative ◽  
Reasoning Process ◽  
The Social ◽  
Maximum Similarity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Fuzzy Linguistic

Credibility reasoning has attracted a lot of attention due to its distinguished power and efficiency in representing uncertainty and vagueness within the process of reasoning and decision making. Aiming at the problem of inaccurate credibility estimation in uncertainty reasoning and making experts to express hesitant preferences better in evaluation reasoning process, this paper introduces hesitant fuzzy linguistic term set into credibility uncertainty reasoning. First, we propose hesitant fuzzy linguistic-valued credibility (HLCF), and establish the knowledge representation model of the hesitant fuzzy linguistic-valued credibility. Then, in order to solve the problem of incomplete information in the evaluation reasoning process, an information complement algorithm based on maximum similarity is constructed. After that, the algorithms of single rule and multiple rules of parallel relationship of hesitant fuzzy linguistic-valued credibility are proposed to enrich the reasoning rule base and get more accurate reasoning results. The closeness degrees between the conclusions of each alternative after reasoning and the expected value are calculated, so as to select the most suitable alternative. Finally, a practical example which concerned the social risk analysis is given to illustrate the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Mind, Miracle, and Nature

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-60
Author(s):  
Michael L. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Philosophical Naturalism ◽  
Human Reason ◽  
Reasoning Process ◽  
Rational Thought

Lewis as a theist (and Christian theist) was the sworn opponent of philosophical naturalism and materialism as worldviews. In his book Miracles, Lewis launches a philosophical attack on naturalism in a special way: he attacks its assumption that physical or material nature is all there is and runs by unbroken laws. He uses the technical Humean definition that a “miracle” would then be a “violation of the laws of nature” and goes on to show that rational thought (which must be free to decide on truth and not determined by physical processes to believe what it believes) is technically a miracle. Probably Lewis’s most important contribution to the field of philosophy is what we call his “argument from reason,” which maintains that naturalism cannot explain the logical reasoning process and that the very existence of this process strongly points to theism. We discuss the Lewis-Anscombe debate over the relation of naturalism and human reason, which spurred Lewis to revise his earlier argument. Prior to this debate, Lewis charged naturalists with committing a self-contradiction by claiming to hold his or her position by reasoning because naturalism implies that all events (including thoughts) are determined by law rather than freedom to discern logic. The Anscombe encounter led Lewis to say instead that there is a “cardinal difficulty,” which the naturalist cannot overcome.

Map Use - Perspectives in Geographic Undergraduate Education

1997 ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
Derek Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Undergraduate Education ◽  
Reading Strategies ◽  
Spatial Reasoning ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Computer Mapping ◽  
Reasoning Process ◽  
Map Reading ◽  
Map Design

The author introduces junior-level students with no background to various tasks involving maps, computer mapping and GIS as part of a project called Urban World. A concern is how to evaluate the student's learning as well as the products the students produce, whether on paper or electronically. Three challenges are posed to the cartographic community. What can we offer in terms of map reading strategies? Do we have guidelines for good cartographic practice and helpful hints about map design? What research has there been on the complexities of the individualistic analysis and decision-making that are major elements of the spatial reasoning process?

Uncertainty Reasoning Problem Research Based on the Expert System of Production Plan

2014 ◽  
Vol 472 ◽  
pp. 490-494
Author(s):  
Chen Guo ◽  
Ming Huang ◽  
Xu Liang
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Expert System ◽  
Great Improvement ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Good Effect ◽  
Production Plan ◽  
Uncertainty Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Process ◽  
Reasoning Problem ◽  
Matching Degree

Uncertainty problem is the key problem need to be faced and solved in expert system. During the uncertainty reasoning process for expert system, this paper proposed a new matching degree algorithm of first component of rule to solve the uncertainty problem when reasoning. The adoption of the algorithm made the selection process for the best matching point become more accord with the nature selection and has better adaptivity. Adopting this algorithm could improve the accuracy when the first component of rule selecting a conclusion. By taking a production plan of a factory for example, this paper proved the selected first component of rules for following evidences which supporting conclusion has a good effect on credibility. And the expert system which using the new algorithm has a great improvement on decision-making function.

Similarity in logical reasoning and decision-making

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
Horacio Arló-Costa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Logical Reasoning ◽  
Default Rules ◽  
Context Free

Normative accounts in terms of similarity can be deployed in order to provide semantics for systems of context-free default rules and other sophisticated conditionals. In contrast, procedural accounts of decision in terms of similarity (Rubinstein 1997) are hard to reconcile with the normative rules of rationality used in decision-making, even when suitably weakened.

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