Validity, Reliability and Reproducibility of Space Analysis using Digital Model taken via Model Scanner and Intraoral Scanner: An In vivo Study

The purpose of this study is to evaluate validity, reliability and reproducibility of tooth width (TW), arch length (AL) and arch length discrepancy (ALD) measured on a digital model taken via 3-dimensional model scanner and intraoral scanner compared to a plaster model. A total of 30 patients aged 12 to 18 were eligible for the study. 3 types of models were acquired from each patient: a conventional plaster model (P), a model scanned digital model (MSD) taken via Freedom UHD® and an intraoral scanned digital model (ISD) taken via CS3600® in-vivo. The reliability of TW and AL in each group was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, while the reproducibility was evaluated with intraclass correlation coefficient. The validity of space analysis was assessed by paired t-test. As a result, all measurements of P, MSD and ISD groups showed favorable reliability and reproducibility. Most of measurements for space analysis in MSD group and TW in ISD group also presented high validity. AL and ALD presented statistically significant difference between P and ISD group. The validity of measurements of space analysis in ISD group was short in doubt to valid, but clinically acceptable. Both MSD and ISD are clinically acceptable to use for space analysis but clinician should be aware that errors can be found using a digital model.

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Evaluation of the Reliability, Reproducibility and Validity of Digital Orthodontic Measurements Based on Various Digital Models among Young Patients

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9092728 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (9) ◽

pp. 2728 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Seo-Hyun Park ◽

Soo-Hwan Byun ◽

So-Hee Oh ◽

Hye-Lim Lee ◽

Ju-Won Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

High Reliability ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Young Patients ◽

Digital Model ◽

Good Reliability ◽

Length Discrepancy ◽

Tooth Width ◽

The Difference ◽

Plaster Model

The advantages of intraoral model scanning have yielded recent developments. However, few studies have explored the orthodontic clinical use of this technique particularly among young patients. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability, reproducibility and validity of the orthodontic measurements: tooth width, arch length and arch length discrepancy in each digital model obtained by model scanner and intraoral scanner, relative to a plaster model. Arch length measured using two methods: curved arch length (CAL) measured automatically by digital program and sum of sectional liner arch length (SLAL) measured sum of anterior and posterior liner arch lengths. Arch length discrepancy calculated each arch length measurement methods: curved arch length discrepancy (CALD) and sum of sectional liner arch length discrepancy (SLALD). Forty young patients were eligible for the study. A plaster model (P), model-scanned digital model (MSD) and intraoral scanned digital model (ISD) were acquired from each patient. The reliability of the measurements was evaluated using Pearson’s correlation coefficient, while the reproducibility was evaluated using the intraclass correlation coefficient. The validity was assessed by a paired t-test. All measurements measured in P, MSD and ISD exhibited good reliability and reproducibility. Most orthodontic measurements despite of CAL in MSD exhibited high validity. Only the SLAL and SLALD in ISD group differed significantly, despite the good validity of the tooth width, CAL and CALD. The measurements based on the digital program appeared high reliability, reproducibility and accurate than conventional measurement. However, SLAL and SLALD in ISD group appeared shorter because of distortion during intraoral scanning. However, this could be compensated by using digital programed curved arch. Although the validity of SLAL and SLALD in the ISD group differed statistically, the difference is not considered clinically significant. Although MSD and ISD are acceptable for a clinical space analysis, clinicians should be aware of digital model-induced errors.

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Model Analysis of Digital Models in Moderate to Severe Crowding: In Vivo Validation and Clinical Application

BioMed Research International ◽

10.1155/2018/8414605 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jae Hee Yoon ◽

Hyung-Seog Yu ◽

Yoonjeong Choi ◽

Tae-Hyun Choi ◽

Sung-Hwan Choi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Application ◽

Digital Model ◽

Digital Models ◽

Linear Measurements ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cast Model ◽

Clinically Significant ◽

Plaster Model ◽

Model C

Objective. We investigated the suitability of intraoral-scan models for measuring tooth dimensions and the amount of crowding in patients with severe tooth crowding. Materials and Methods. Fifty-eight patients who had undergone intraoral scans for diagnosis were included. Cast models were divided into two groups depending on the amount of crowding, as determined by initial caliper-based measurements (mild crowding [MC] group: <3.0 mm; severe crowding [SC] group: >4.5 mm). Twenty maxillary models and 20 mandibular models were used in this study. For the three types of models (i.e., IS digital model, C cast model, and CS digital model), the reproducibility and the precision of linear measurements were evaluated. Results. We found that linear measurements made using digital calipers on a plaster model and on the relevant software were reproducible. There was no significant difference in most linear measurements between digital models and the C model. There were differences in the amount of crowding (p<.05), although these were not clinically significant. There was no relationship between the precision of crowding in the three types of models and the severity of crowding. Conclusions. Digital models can be used for measuring crowding in both mild and severe crowding cases. However, crowding measured by digital models tends to be lesser than that measured by cast models, and this should be considered during clinical application.

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Precision of the virtual occlusal record

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/092018-684.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 89 (5) ◽

pp. 751-757 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Keyan P. Botsford ◽

Michael C. Frazier ◽

Ahmed A. M. Ghoneima ◽

Achint Utreja ◽

Surya S. Bhamidipalli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Normal Pressure ◽

Software Systems ◽

Kappa Statistics ◽

Intraoral Scanner ◽

Significant Difference

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the precision of the virtual occlusal record using the Carestream CS3600 Intraoral Scanner (Carestream Dental, Atlanta, Ga). Materials and Methods: A total of 20 participants were recruited for this prospective study using preestablished inclusion/exclusion criteria. A complete intraoral scan and two bite registrations were obtained. The participants were instructed to bite with normal pressure when bite registrations were acquired. Contact locations, size (circumference), and intensity were identified on the maxillary first molars and canines. Agreement between contact size and intensity was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients. Kappa statistics evaluated agreement in contact locations. Statistical significance was set at P < .05. Results: All participant data were included for statistical analysis. Between the two bite registrations, nonstatistically significant differences were observed in the proportion of locations with contacts (P = .7681). A nonstatistically significant difference (−0.25 mm, P = .8416) in mean contact circumference size was observed. A statistically significant difference in mean contact intensity was observed (P = .0448). When evaluating agreement between the bite registrations, a weak correlation for size (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.35) and intensity (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.32) was observed as well as a moderate agreement for contact location (κ coefficient = 0.67). Conclusions: The findings suggest that the Carestream intraoral scanner software possesses adequate precision when acquiring the location and size of the contacts in bite registrations. The scanner failed to demonstrate adequate precision when acquiring contact intensities in bite registrations. Additional research is warranted to further investigate the precision of virtual occlusal records with currently available software systems.

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Variation in Cervical Length over Time during a Single Transvaginal Ultrasound Examination

American Journal of Perinatology ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1676616 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (08) ◽

pp. 781-784

Author(s):

Katherine A. Connolly ◽

Luciana Vieira ◽

Elizabeth M. Yoselevsky ◽

Stephanie Pan ◽

Joanne L. Stone

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽

Ultrasound Examination ◽

Transvaginal Ultrasound ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Cervical Length ◽

Linear Mixed Effect Model ◽

Mixed Effect ◽

Time Points ◽

Significant Difference

Objective To quantify the degree of change in cervical length (CL) over a 3-minute transvaginal ultrasound. Study Design We conducted a prospective observational study of nulliparous patients who underwent routine transvaginal CL screening at the time of their second-trimester ultrasound. We recorded CL at four time points (0, 1, 2, 3 minutes) and compared these values to determine the minute-to-minute change within a single patient. Results A total of 771 patients were included. The mean gestational age was 20.8 weeks (±0.84). We used a linear mixed effect model to assess if each minute during the ultrasound is associated with a change in CL. The intraclass correlation coefficient between minute 0 to minute 3 was 0.82 (95% confidence interval: 0.80, 0.84). This indicates that there is a relatively high within-patient correlation in CL during their ultrasound. Additionally, we stratified patients based on their starting CL; the intraclass correlation coefficient remained high for all groups. We additionally compared CL at each minute. Although there is a statistically significant difference between several time points, the actual difference is small and not clinically meaningful. Conclusion The variation in CL over a 3-minute transvaginal ultrasound examination is not clinically significant. It may be reasonable to conduct this examination over a shorter period.

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1/2SH

Stroke ◽

10.1161/strokeaha.119.026951 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

pp. 193-201 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Biao Zhao ◽

Wan-bing Jia ◽

Li-ying Zhang ◽

Ting-zhong Wang

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽

Operating Characteristic ◽

Small Volume ◽

Characteristic Curve ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Intracerebral Hematoma ◽

Accuracy Evaluation ◽

Imaging Data ◽

3 Dimensional

Background and Purpose— 1/2ABC has been used widely for assessing the volume of intracerebral hematoma. However, it is only suitable for calculating regular and small volume hematomas. Therefore, we re-explored the formula of hematoma volume to find a method that can calculate hematoma volumes accurately, reliably, and quickly. Methods— Computed tomography imaging data of 257 patients with intracerebral hemorrhage were collected. Hematoma volumes were estimated using 3-dimensional Slicer and 7 formulas (π/6ABC, 1/2ABC, 1/3ABC, 2/3SH, 1/2SH, π/6SH, and 2.5/6ABC). Taking the hematoma volumes measured by 3-dimensional Slicer as the reference standard, the accuracy and reliability of the 7 formulas were evaluated. Furthermore, the time needed to calculate hematoma volumes by the 1/2SH method was noted for further analysis. Results— (1) The accuracy of the 7 formulas based on the error analysis from the highest to the lowest was: π/6SH, 1/2SH, 2.5/6ABC, 1/3ABC, 1/2ABC, and π/6ABC or 2/3SH. According to concordance analysis and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the results from the highest to lowest were as follows: 1/2SH, π/6SH, 2.5/6ABC, 1/3ABC, 1/2ABC, 2/3SH, and π/6ABC. After categorizing cases according to size, shape, and location of hematoma, the results were almost the same as the results for overall accuracy evaluation in any subgroup. (2) Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of 1/2SH in intra and inter-researcher were 0.998 and 0.989, respectively. For the formula π/6SH, intraclass correlation coefficient was the same as that of 1/2ABC. Kappa values of 1/2SH for intra- and inter-observer were 0.992 and 0.913, respectively. For π/6SH, kappa values of within- and between-reader were 0.984 and 0.904, respectively. (3) The average time taken to calculate hematoma volumes by 1/2SH was 74 seconds. Conclusions— The 1/2SH and π/6SH are accurate, reliable, and rapid methods for calculating hematoma volumes. The accuracy and reliability of 1/2SH were slightly higher than those of π/6SH.

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Reproducibility of Toe Pressure Measurements

Journal for Vascular Ultrasound ◽

10.1177/154431670903300301 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 129-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Neil Cloete ◽

Clare Kiely ◽

Mary Paula Colgan ◽

Naseem Haider ◽

Sean O'Neill ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ◽

Carotid Artery Disease ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Repeated Measurements ◽

Pressure Measurements ◽

Repeatability Coefficient ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Artery Disease ◽

Toe Pressure

Introduction Ankle/brachial indices are inaccurate in the presence of calcification, and physicians may rely on the measurement of digital pressures. As the population continues to age and with the escalation in type 2 diabetes, the importance of, and reliance on, toe pressure measurements will increase. The aim of this study was to assess the reproducibility of toe pressure measurements in a single vascular laboratory. Methods Repeated ankle/brachial indices and toe pressures were measured in 20 patients (10 with known peripheral vascular disease and 10 with aneurysmal or carotid artery disease but no history of PVD), and 10 control patients. Three measurements were made 48 hours apart. All measurements were made by a single vascular technologist. Reproducibility was assessed by the use of the repeatability coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient. Results Ankle/brachial indices ranged from 0.36 to 2.4, toe pressures from 18 mmHg to 173 mmHg, and toe/brachial indices from 0.11 to 1.1. The repeatability coefficient showed no significant difference between measurements ( p > 0.1) and the intraclass correlation coefficient estimates showed high agreement between repeated measurements (0.77–0.99). Bland-Altman plots indicated that the observer variability was equally distributed across the range of pressure measurements. Conclusion These results confirm the intraobserver reproducibility of toe pressure measurements; however, further work is required to demonstrate inter-observer reproducibility.

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The Validity of Ultrasound Estimation of Muscle Volumes

Journal of Applied Biomechanics ◽

10.1123/jab.23.3.213 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 213-217 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Benjamin W. Infantolino ◽

Daniel J. Gales ◽

Samantha L. Winter ◽

John H. Challis

Keyword(s):

Vastus Lateralis ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Accurate Method ◽

Muscle Volume ◽

Volume Estimation ◽

Percentage Error ◽

Ultrasound Images ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Hydrostatic Weighing

The purpose of this study was to validate ultrasound muscle volume estimation in vivo. To examine validity, vastus lateralis ultrasound images were collected from cadavers before muscle dissection; after dissection, the volumes were determined by hydrostatic weighing. Seven thighs from cadaver specimens were scanned using a 7.5-MHz ultrasound probe (SSD-1000, Aloka, Japan). The perimeter of the vastus lateralis was identified in the ultrasound images and manually digitized. Volumes were then estimated using the Cavalieri principle, by measuring the image areas of sets of parallel two-dimensional slices through the muscles. The muscles were then dissected from the cadavers, and muscle volume was determined via hydrostatic weighing. There was no statistically significant difference between the ultrasound estimation of muscle volume and that estimated using hydrostatic weighing (p> 0.05). The mean percentage error between the two volume estimates was 0.4% ± 6.9. Three operators all performed four digitizations of all images from one randomly selected muscle; there was no statistical difference between operators or trials and the intraclass correlation was high (>0.8). The results of this study indicate that ultrasound is an accurate method for estimating muscle volumes in vivo.

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Repeatability and Agreement of Central Corneal Thickness and Keratometry Measurements between Four Different Devices

Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1155/2017/6181405 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Laszlo Kiraly ◽

Jana Stange ◽

Kathleen S. Kunert ◽

Saadettin Sel

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Central Corneal Thickness ◽

Corneal Thickness ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Bland Altman Method ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Healthy Eyes ◽

Iolmaster 700

Background.To estimate repeatability and comparability of central corneal thickness (CCT) and keratometry measurements obtained by four different devices in healthy eyes.Methods.Fifty-five healthy eyes from 55 volunteers were enrolled in this study. CCT (IOLMaster 700, Pentacam HR, and Cirrus HD-OCT) and keratometry readings (IOLMaster 700, Pentacam HR, and iDesign) were measured. For statistical analysis, the corneal spherocylinder was converted into power vectors (J0, J45). Repeatability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Agreement of measurements between the devices was evaluated by the Bland-Altman method.Results.The analysis of repeatability of CCT data of IOLMaster 700, Pentacam HR, and Cirrus HD-OCT showed high ICCs (range 0.995 to 0.999). The comparison of CCT measurements revealed statistically significant differences between Pentacam HR versus IOLMaster 700 (p<0.0001) and Pentacam HR versus Cirrus HD-OCT (p<0.0001), respectively. There was no difference in CCT measurements between IOLMaster 700 and Cirrus HD-OCT (p=0.519). The repeatability of keratometry readings (J0 and J45) of IOLMaster 700, Pentacam HR, and iDesign was also high with ICCs ranging from 0.974 to 0.999. The Pentacam HR revealed significantly higher J0 in comparison to IOLMaster 700 (p=0.009) and iDesign (p=0.041); however, no significant difference was between IOLMaster 700 and iDesign (p=0.426). Comparison of J45 showed no significant difference between IOLMaster 700, Pentacam HR, and iDesign. These results were in accordance with Bland-Altman plots.Conclusion.In clinical practice, the devices analyzed should not be used interchangeably due to low agreement regarding CCT as well as keratometry readings.

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Comparison of the Predictive Value of MRD and PVA Score in Pediatric ALL.

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v112.11.1520.1520 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 112 (11) ◽

pp. 1520-1520

Author(s):

Anja Troeger ◽

Gabriele Escherich ◽

Udo zur Stadt ◽

M. L Den Boer ◽

Rob Pieters ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Multivariate Analysis ◽

Correlation Coefficient ◽

Predictive Value ◽

Genetic Alterations ◽

Relevant Parameter ◽

Response To Chemotherapy ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Impact

Abstract Early identification of patients (pts) at risk for relapse allows for development of risk-adapted treatment strategies, thus steadily improving the outcome in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Besides classic prognostic factors such as age, initial leukocyte count (WBC), genetic alterations and the immune phenotype, the so called PVA Score, summarizing the in vitro resistance of blasts against prednisone, vincristine and asparaginase, has been applied for treatment stratification in the CoALL protocol, a German multicenter study for children with ALL. Over the past years it has become increasingly clear that the in vivo response to chemotherapy assessed by detection of residual malignant cells (MRD) by PCR technique can be predictive of prognosis. Here we compare for the first time the relevance of in vitro (PVA Score) and in vivo (MRD) treatment response in a large cohort of 275 children with ALL, age 1–17 years, uniformly treated according to the CoALL protocols 05–92 to 07–03. Children with B cell precursor ALL (BCP-ALL) and T-ALL were analyzed separately. Bone marrow samples of 160 children with BCP-ALL and of 115 T-ALL pts diagnosed between 1992–2005 were prospectively assessed for PVA Score at diagnosis and MRD levels at day (d) 15, 29 and 43 after informed consent was obtained from the parents or legal guardians at the time of enrolment. Of note, 7 of the BCP-ALL and 14 of the T-ALL pts with late morphological response were excluded from analysis. Overall median MRD levels in BCP-ALL pts (MRDd15: 6×10e-4; MRDd29: 2×10e-5) were one log lower than in T-ALL (MRDd15: 9×10e-3; MRDd29: 3×10e-4). We detected no association between PVA Score and MRD level in BCP-ALL (correlation coefficient: r=0.15; p=0.15) and only a weak correlation in T-ALL pts (correlation coefficient: r=0.43; p=0.0003). When assessing the impact of the PVA Score on relapse free survival (RFS), in BCP-ALL only score 3+4 (good response) vs. 8+9 (poor response) was prognostically relevant (RFS 0.86±0.05 vs. 0.59±0.12; p=0.03), whereas in T-ALL no significant difference between these subgroups was found (RFS 0.71±0.1 vs. 0.68±0.1; p=0.62). In multivariate analysis PVA Score 3+4 vs. 8+9 remained the most relevant parameter for RFS in BCP-ALL (p=0.05) when compared to age and initial WBC. However, MRD levels were of even higher predictive power, especially at later time points: MRD negativity at d29 in BCP-ALL identified pts with significantly superior RFS (RFS MRD neg.: 0.9±0.05 vs. pos.: 0.7±0.05; p=0.003) and low MRD levels indicated a favorable outcome in T-ALL (RFS MRD <10e-3: 0.89±0.05 vs. MRD >10e-3: 0.68±0.07; p=0.001). Moreover, both BCP-ALL and T-ALL pts characterized by MRD levels >10e-3 on d43 exhibited a poor outcome (RFS BCP-ALL: 0.42±0.17; RFS T-ALL: 0.47±0.14). MRD remained an independent marker in multivariate analysis including initial WBC and age, both in BCP- (MRDd29: p=0.006; MRDd43: p=0.001) and T-ALL (MRDd29: p=0.003; MRDd43: p=0.015). By multivariate analysis, in T-ALL low MRD levels on d29 predicted superior RFS independently from the PVA Score (MRD: p=0.002 vs. PVA: p=0.09), whereas in BPC-ALL these parameters were not completely independent from each other at that early time point (MRD: p= 0.059 vs. PVA: p= 0.063) but became independent at d43 (MRD: p= 0.018 vs. PVA: p= 0.253). While the predictive value of the PVA Score was limited to BCP-ALL, MRD was an independent prognostic marker for both BCP- and T-ALL and reliably identified pts at low and high risk for relapse.

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