scholarly journals The resolution on increase of the share capital through new contributions in limited liability company

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-2) ◽  
pp. 753-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir Marjanski
Author(s):  
Iwo Jarosz

In recent years we have witnessed an almost unprecedented effort of legislators and legal academics in Europe to make limited liability companies in various jurisdictions more modern, simpler and more accessible. These endeavors are usually related to the liberalization of statutory requirements regarding the minimum share capital amounts. Lively debates among academics and practitioners, as well as regulatory competition, seem to be the factors making the legislative changes dynamic and evolutionary. The issue of limited liability companies’ regulatory reform were also the subject of proposed European legislation, including the now abandoned proposal of a harmonised single-member limited liability company model known as Societas Unius Personae SUP. In Poland there has also been, for  almost a decade, a discussion on whether and how to follow the example of Germany and its Unternehmergesellschaft and other European countries and liberalize the capital requirements for the Polish limited liability company. Lately the Polish legislator has introduced the so-called simple joint-stock company prosta spółka akcyjna, which had been drafted to be an attractive offer for start-ups, aiming, in the perception of its proponents, to achieve the modernization and simplification desired by contemporary legislators and supposedly accomplished in other jurisdictions, all the while maintaining serious levels of creditor protection. The author employs formal-dogmatic and comparative methods to describe the capital structure of the new company type and to confront it with certain other statutory developments, especially the Societas Unius Personae as a serious and well-thought-out, nonetheless failed venture, to try to assess the solutions set forth by the Polish legislator.Kapitał zakładowy prostej spółki akcyjnej w świetle dotychczasowych przepisów i projektów prawodawstwa europejskiegoW ostatnich latach europejscy ustawodawcy i przedstawiciele nauki prawa podejmowali nieomalże bezprecedensowe wysiłki w kierunku modernizacji, uproszczenia i zwiększenia dostępności spółek z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością. Działania te zazwyczaj zmierzały do liberalizacji ustawowych wymogów dotyczących minimalnych kwot kapitału zakładowego. Czynnikami dynamizującymi zmiany legislacyjne wydają się żywe dyskusje w środowisku akademickim oraz na łonie praktyki, a także konkurencja regulacyjna. Kwestie reformy spółek z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością były również przedmiotem projektów prawodawstwa europejskiego, w tym projektu dyrektywy w sprawie zharmonizowanego modelu spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością jednoosobowej znanego jako Societas Unius Personae SUP. Także w Polsce od prawie dekady toczy się dyskusja w przedmiocie zmian dotyczących spółek z o.o., w szczególności tego, czy polskie ustawodawstwo powinno podążyć za przykładem Niemiec i znanej z niemieckiego porządku prawnego Unternehmergesellschaft oraz innych krajów europejskich i zliberalizować wymogi kapitałowe dla tego typu spółek. Sejm przegłosował niedawno ustawę wprowadzającą tak zwaną prostą spółkę akcyjną. Ten nowy typ spółki ma w założeniu stanowić atrakcyjną propozycję dla start-upów, prowadząc — zdaniem jej zwolenników — do modernizacji i uproszczenia pożądanego przez współczesnych prawodawców przy jednoczesnym utrzymaniu stosownego poziomu ochrony wierzycieli. Autor próbuje ocenić rozwiązania zaproponowane przez polskiego ustawodawcę w zakresie struktury kapitałowej nowego typu spółki, konfrontując je z innymi rozwiązaniami, w tym w szczególności z projektem Societas Unius Personae — przedsięwzięciem ostatecznie nieudanym, choć przemyślanym i zasługującym na uwagę.


Author(s):  
Brenda Hannigan

The majority of companies on the register of companies are private companies with very limited amounts of share capital. Thus, if those companies are carrying on business to any significant level, it must be on the basis of other forms of funding, typically in the form of straightforward commercial borrowing from high street banks and financial institutions. When lending to a limited liability company, the lender is conscious of the need for security to cover the amount lent. This chapter discusses: company charges; fixed and floating charges; the approach to categorisation; registration of charges; and enforcement of a floating charge.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (XXI) ◽  
pp. 279-291
Author(s):  
Jędrzej Kubica

In this article, the author focuses on the issue of making an in-kind contribution to a limited liability company – both at the time of the company establishment and in the procedure of increasing the share capital. For this purpose, the author reviews the doctrine and judicature positions relating to the concept of contribution capacity and looks for answers to the question whether the limited liability company agreement and the declaration of taking up shares have the binding and disposing effect referred to in art. 155 and art. 510 of the Civil Code, and therefore whether it is necessary to conclude a separate agreement for the transfer of the subject of the contribution to the company for the effective transfer of the in-kind contribution. In his considerations, the author draws attention to the practical dimension of applying the provisions from the point of view of the work of a notary


Author(s):  
A. V. Remizova

This article analyzes established procedure of inheritance of a share in a share capital of a limited liability company, detection of the problem differences between the moment of transfer of a share in a share capital of a limited liability company to the heirs of a deceased participant from the moment of transfer of rights and duties оf a participant to the heirs.


2018 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 141-152
Author(s):  
Marek Leśniak

SOME FURTHER DOUBTS ABOUT FUNCTIONING OF THE LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY MADE BY NORMATIVE TEMPLATE OF ARTICLE OF ASSOCIATION AVAILABLE IN THE IT SYSTEMThe study contains comments on the issue of the sale of shares and an increase of the capital in the e-limited liability company resulting from the possibility of covering the share capital after the registration of the company, which is a solution different from the traditional model of a Polish limited liability company. The purpose of the paper is primarily to determine whether it is possible to sell shares before covering the share capital and to pass a resolution to increase the share capital before full coverage in the e-limited liability company.


2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 254-269
Author(s):  
Ilija Babić

A limited liability company is a company with share capital. Each member of an LLC can freely transfer his share to one, more or all other members by inter vivos and mortis causa transactions (mainly contracts). If share is transferred to a third party, all LLC members have the right of preemption. It is a rule of dispositive nature and, therefore, it can be excluded by the Memorandum of Association. A member of an LLC who plans to transfer his share to a third party shall previously send an offer to the other members in the form of LLC membership share transfer agreement. The signature of the transferee on an offer must be authenticated by a notary. The notary shall confirm that offer if share of the transferee includes real estate or when it is governed by the special act. If a LLC member believes his right of pre-emption has been violated, he can bring a complaint to the relevant court demanding: 1) that the contract or any other act related to the transfer of share should be cancelled, or 2) the obligation of the defendant (member against whom the claim is brought) to transfer his share to the plaintiff, i.e. that a judgment of the court replaces share transfer agreement between the plaintiff and the defendant. The complaint can be brought within 30 days (subjective term) from the moment when LLC member had been informed about the conclusion of share transfer agreement, but not later than six months after share transfer registration in Business Registers Agency (objective term). After the expiration of these terms, the complaint will be rejected, and therefore disposal of shares will be strengthened.


2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-85
Author(s):  
Dionis Jurič ◽  
Mihaela Braut Filipovič

This article aims to provide an overview of the main features of the limited liability company (hereinafter: LLC) in Croatia. LLCs are the most common company type in Croatian business practices. This is because of low amounts of minimum sharecapital, limited liability of shareholders, freedom of shareholders to regulate own internal relations and the LLC’s internal organization, which is regulated by the articles of association and holds fewer formalities to function. Interestingly, most LLCs are established as a single shareholder LLC, followed by two and three shareholders LLCs. This supports the finding that Croatian LLCs are often closely held companies, whose founders also act as directors and employees of the company. Since 2012, it is possible to form a simple LLC for a minimum share capital of 10 KN (cca. 1.32 EUR), and as of 2020, LLCs can even be established online. Thus, the simplicity and cost effectiveness to establish an LLC remain its primary advantage. Mandatory provisions that shareholders must respect are inter alia capital requirements and capital maintenance, formation, and competencies of the management board and shareholders’ meeting. The shareholders’ meeting is superordinate to other LLC bodies, allowing directors to be appointed and dismissed at any time. Shares are alienable and inheritable, but their transfer may be limited by the LLC’s articles of association. In certain cases, shareholders can be held personally liable for the LLC’s obligations (e.g., in the event of abuse of limited liability, partial payment of capital contributions, and the LLC’s dissolution without liquidation). Further specifics and current challenges of LLCs in Croatia will be analysed in detail.


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