The American and West Indian Trades

2012 ◽  
pp. 257-288
Author(s):  
Ralph Davis
Keyword(s):  
West Indies ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Navigation Acts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
American Trade

This chapter explores trade between Britain, America, and the West Indies during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It identifies the two types of English settlement in America - the plantation colonies and the farm colonies, then details each of their approaches to the shipping trade. It also traces the growth of the sugar and tobacco trades and the shift toward North-West tobacco shipping over London. Other essential developments include the impact of the Navigation Acts on Anglo-American trade; the rise of tobacco smuggling in Liverpool and Glasgow; the effects of crop seasonality on transatlantic trade; and the workings of the transatlantic slave trade, particularly through the port of Liverpool. It includes shipping statistics and contemporary correspondence to provide further detail about the structure of transatlantic trade.

The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Barbados Market, 1673–1723

1982 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-511 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Galenson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Demographic History ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
The West ◽  
Price Series ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
History Of ◽  
Black Populations

Evidence drawn from records of auctions held by the Royal African Company in Barbados between 1673 and 1723 is used to obtain annual estimates of slave prices by demographic category. These price series are then used to investigate the implications of an economic analysis of the demographic composition of the slave trade. The results provide quantitative support for the prediction that rising slave prices in the West Indies caused an increase in the share of children among the population of slaves in the transatlantic trade. This economic effect may have been a significant link between American slave markets and the demographic history of black populations in both Africa and America.

‘A sufficient and adequate squadron’: The navy, the transatlantic slave trade, and the American commercial empire

2021 ◽  
pp. 084387142110376
Author(s):  
Thomas Blake Earle
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The West ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
Transatlantic Trade ◽  
Antebellum Era ◽  
American Foreign Relations

From its creation, the Africa Squadron, although tasked with suppressing the slave trade, did more to defend American sovereignty and expand American commercial access along the west coast of Africa. In both of these regards, Great Britain and the British Navy were the most prominent obstacles in the way of the United States achieving its goals. These tasks were among the most important imperatives that drove American foreign relations during the antebellum era. Thus the Africa Squadron is best understood as a case study of the vital role the navy played in not just conducting but also shaping American diplomacy. This article examines the circumstances surrounding the creation of the Africa Squadron, concluding that the flotilla was less concerned with actually ending the transatlantic trade in humans than with serving as a check on British power at sea.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Mary Wills
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
National Character ◽  
Napoleonic Wars ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
The West ◽  
British Identity ◽  
Transatlantic Slave Trade ◽  
The Impact

This chapter situates the activities of the West Africa squadron within several interconnected themes and contexts relating to the impact of the Britain’s Abolition Act of 1807. Britain’s abolitionist cause was regarded as an indicator of the national character, dedicated to morality, humanitarianism and freedom, and naval suppression fitted neatly into this narrative. The role of the Royal Navy in enforcing the 1807 Act transformed notions of British identity and evolving ideas of imperialism on the international stage. This chapter positions the book within the existing literature on the nineteenth-century campaign against the transatlantic slave trade, the role of the Royal Navy in the post-Napoleonic Wars period, and the British role in Africa more widely.

Sidelights on Universal Benevolence, 1789–1820

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-361
Author(s):  
E. M. McClelland
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Modes Of Thought ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Complete Dislocation

The impact of European habits and customs on the culture and structure of society of undeveloped peoples, particularly those of countries affected by the slave trade, has been the subject of intensive study by historians and sociologists. In fiction too, it has provided popular material at all levels. Now, young writers in Africa, South America and the West Indies are beginning to write on the subject to make their own experience coherent and significant. Although they have treated the theme in different ways according to thenown environments, and although their methods of approach have varied from the symbolic to the satiric, it is substantially the same. It deals with the complete dislocation of life in simple communities, either on account of the rape of their people and their resettlement in exile, or to the insidious destruction of a way of life by the imposition of alien, and inferior, modes of thought and conduct.

Conclusion

2019 ◽  
pp. 191-202
Author(s):  
Mary Wills
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Royal Navy ◽  
The West ◽  
Cultural Attitudes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Naval Officers

The final chapter assesses the cultural and political significance of the West Africa squadron and the work of the naval officers involved in its operation, looking at the wider implications of the question of ‘success’ in discussions about the impact of the squadron both at the time of its operation and since. It examines the shifts and changes that took place during the sixty years of the squadron’s operation, including: perceptions of the slave trade and the best methods of suppressing it; the position of the Royal Navy in Britain’s imperial ambitions; and racial and cultural attitudes of Britons towards Africans and ‘others’. This chapter discusses the ways in which notions of duty and professionalism had changed, and how what it meant to be a Royal Navy officer in 1870 had altered as compared to 1807. It asserts the individuality and independence of naval officers, and their engagement with themes of anti-slavery, empire and identity.

4. A Constabulary Navy

2018 ◽  
pp. 34-44
Author(s):  
Craig L. Symonds
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
United States Navy ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Manifest Destiny ◽  
The United States ◽  
The West ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Southern Border

After 1820, the day-to-day duties of the United States Navy involved dealing with smugglers, pirates, and the illegal slave trade and so deploying the large ships of the line was deemed unnecessary. Also, the successful completion of treaties with both England and Spain demilitarized the Great Lakes and stabilized the country’s southern border, easing concerns about a future foreign war. ‘A constabulary navy: pirates, slavers, and manifest destiny (1820–1850)’ describes the peacetime navy activities carried out by small squadrons of sloops and schooners acting as a constabulary force on distant stations abroad, mainly in the Mediterranean, but also in the West Indies, off Africa, in the Pacific, off Brazil, and in the East.

scholarly journals An investigation into the spatiotemporal patterns of the Nymphalid butterfly Vagrans egista sinha (Kollar, [1844])

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Pop ◽  
Kuldeep Singh Barwal ◽  
Randeep Singh ◽  
Puneet Pandey ◽  
Harminder Pal Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Citizen Science ◽  
Range Shift ◽  
Range Extension ◽  
Science Data ◽  
The West ◽  
North West ◽  
The North ◽  
Spatial Differences ◽  
The Impact

Vagrans egista sinha (Kollar, [1844]), the Himalayan Vagrant is a subspecies of Nymphalid (Brush-footed) butterflies spread across Asia, whose western limit is in the north-west India. Observations of this subspecies have considerably increased over the past half-a-decade, with a spike in new sightings to the west of their previously known range. This has been considered as a range extension. The current study reports new records of this species from Bilaspur District, Himachal Pradesh, India (which are the first records for the district), through systematic and opportunistic sampling. This raises the question of whether the purported range extension towards the west could instead be a range shift or vagrancy, and whether there is any shift in elevational ranges in the populations across their known range. Questions pertaining to spatial differences in elevational ranges and seasonal variation, across their range, also piqued our curiosity. Using data from academic sources (such as published literature and museum collections), supplemented by data from public participation in scientific research and personal observations, these research questions are addressed. The accuracy of results when using citizen science data is also explored using the same dataset, focused on the impact of method of extraction of coordinates, and elevation derived from it under different scenarios. It was discovered that there has not been a range shift (either longitudinal or latitudinal) and observations do not suggest vagrancy but a case of range extension. Other results indicated that there was no climb of population to higher elevations, no spatial differences in elevational ranges in the populations, or seasonal variation in activities across their range. It was also discovered that the method of data collection by, and extraction from, citizen science databases, can influence the accuracy of the results. Some problems involved in collecting data are discussed, and remedial solutions are suggested.

Edmund Burke and the British Empire in the West Indies

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
West Indian ◽  
Political Connection ◽  
The West ◽  
Plantation Economy ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
Important Addition ◽  
Personal Level

In the later eighteenth century the West Indian sugar islands were a source of conspicuous wealth for some individuals and an important addition to the resources of Great Britain. They were generally reckoned to be the most valuable of Britain’s imperial possessions, a view which Burke fully endorsed. This book examines his long involvement with the West Indies, at a personal level through the ambitions of his brother and some of his closest friends, as a politician and what contemporaries called ‘a man of business’ in the management of a great national asset and in trying to win the support of powerful West Indian interests for his political connection. He became a participant in debates about the ethics of enslavement and the slave trade. Burke deplored both slavery and the trade, but he recognized that the plantation economy of the West Indies depended on them and that therefore they played a crucial role in Britain’s immensely valuable Atlantic commerce. The policies that he advocated for the further development of the West Indian and African trades inevitably involved more enslaved Africans in the British Empire and on occasions he was drawn into implicitly endorsing the slave trade. Except for a few years from 1788 to 1791, Burke was not prepared to countenance immediate abolition of the trade, but he did devise a comprehensive plan for reforming both it and the institution of slavery, that in the very long term would make both redundant.

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