Identification of Multiplicative Thinking in Children in Grades 1–5

1996 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-51
Author(s):  
Faye B. Clark ◽  
Constance Kamii
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Graders ◽  
Second Graders ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Multiplicative Thinking

Textbooks present multiplication as merely a faster way of doing repeated addition. However, research has shown that multiplication requires higher-order multiplicative thinking, which the child develops out of addition. Three hundred thirty-six children in grades 1–5 were interviewed individually using a Piagetian task to study their development from additive to multiplicative thinking. Multiplicative thinking was found to appear early (45% of second graders demonstrated some multiplicative thinking) and to develop slowly (only 48% of fifth graders demonstrated consistently solid multiplicative thinking). It was concluded that the introduction of multiplication in second grade is appropriate but that educators must not expect all children to use multiplication, even in fifth grade.

scholarly journals Taking the Relational Structure of Fractions Seriously: Relational Reasoning Predicts Fraction Knowledge in Elementary School Children

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya B. Kalra ◽  
Edward M. Hubbard ◽  
Percival G Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Second Graders ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Relational Reasoning ◽  
Reasoning Ability ◽  
Verbal Iq ◽  
Relational Structures ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
Magnitude Processing ◽  
General Test

Understanding and using symbolic fractions in mathematics is critical for access to advanced STEM concepts. However, children and adults consistently struggle with fractions. Here, we take a novel perspective on symbolic fractions, considering them within the framework of relational structures in cognitive psychology, such as those studied in analogy research. We tested the hypothesis that relational reasoning ability is important for reasoning about fractions by examining the relation between scores on a domain-general test of relational reasoning (TORR Jr.) and a test of fraction knowledge consisting of various types of fraction problems in 201 second grade and 150 fifth grade students. We found that relational reasoning was a significant predictor of fractions knowledge, even when controlling for non-verbal IQ and fractions magnitude processing for both grades. The effects of relational reasoning also remained significant when controlling for overall math knowledge and skill for second graders, but was attenuated for fifth graders. These findings suggest that this important subdomain of mathematical cognition is integrally tied to relational reasoning and opens the possibility that instruction targeting relational reasoning may prove to be a viable avenue for improving children’s fractions skills.

The Influence of Student Computer-Ownership and in-Home Use on Achievement in an Elementary School Computer Programming Curriculum

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lois Mayer Nichols
Keyword(s):  
Elementary School ◽  
Computer Use ◽  
Fifth Graders ◽  
Second Graders ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
High Ability ◽  
Home Computer ◽  
Computer Ownership ◽  
Logo Programming ◽  
School Computer

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of home computer ownership and use on achievement. Ninety-six second graders and seventy-nine fifth graders were taught BASIC programming with homework for three marking periods, and Logo programming without homework for one marking period. Pretests were given in both BASIC and Logo. Posttests were administered at the end of BASIC and Logo instruction. Questionnaires were issued to assess computer use in homework completion. Students were grouped by ability, sex, and computer ownership. Posttest scores for BASIC and Logo and BASIC homework score averages were analyzed using ANOVA and ANCOVA (with pretest scores as the covariate). Fifth grade computer owners had significantly ( p = .02) higher mean homework scores than nonowners. Among high ability fifth graders, owners outperformed the nonowners on both BASIC and Logo posttest scores. Computer use in homework assignments was not as important to achievement as ownership.

scholarly journals Analyzing Science Test Items and Higher Order Thinking Skills of Fifth Graders

BIOEDUKASI ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Mardi .
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Graders ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Thinking Skills ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Cognitive Domain ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Low Achievement ◽  
Higher Order Thinking Skills ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Science Test

Indonesian students got low achievement in many international studies of evaluation, such as in Trend in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). It is because they unfamiliar with higher order thinking skill questions. Generally, assessment in Indonesia contains less of higher order thinking questions and do not fit with the international standard of evaluation. The purposes of this study were to identify the test items of Test of Standarisasi Hasil Belajar (SHB) and to examine the capability of students of fifth grade to answer higher order thinking skills (HOTS) questions. The method uses was mix method (qualitative and quantitative). Test Standarisasi Hasil Belajar (SHB) Year 2017/2018 of Banyuwangi Regency for fifth grade was used. Twenty-seven fifth graders were participated in paper test. The result showed that the test contains of cognitive domain of knowing, applying, and reasoning of 48.9%, 40% and 11.1%, respectively. The test of capability of students to answer HOTS questions revealed low achievement of 80% and high achievement of 5%. In summary, the reasoning domain of the test should be more developed to encourage students’ capability in answering HOTS questions. Keywords: science test items, TIMSS, HOTS, fifth grade.

scholarly journals PhotoLingo—Development and Improvement of Higher-Order Thinking and Language Skills Through Photographs

2019 ◽  
Vol 199 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56
Author(s):  
Ya’ara Gil-Glazer ◽  
Ofra Walter ◽  
Billie Eilam
Keyword(s):  
Study Skills ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Higher Order Thinking ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Photo Elicitation ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Fifth Grade Students

This article presents the major findings of a longitudinal study on the use of photograph-based assignments to improve higher-order thinking and language skills among second- and fifth-grade students using an intervention framework and a convergent mixed method (quantitative and qualitative) approach. The method promoted oriented study skills for students with an accent in the combination of higher-order thinking strategies, reading skills, and photo-elicitation. Participants in the second grade attained a level close to participants in the fifth grade. Students with different levels of language skills in the intervention group progressed significantly compared with the control group.

Agreeableness, Conflict Resolution Tactics, and School Behavior in Second Graders

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel L. Gadke ◽  
Renée M. Tobin ◽  
W. Joel Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Problem Behaviors ◽  
Second Graders ◽  
Adaptive Behaviors ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
School Behavior ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
School Based ◽  
Second Grade Students ◽  
Negotiation Tactics

Abstract. This study examined the association between Agreeableness and children’s selection of conflict resolution tactics and their overt behaviors at school. A total of 157 second graders responded to a series of conflict resolution vignettes and were observed three times during physical education classes at school. We hypothesized that Agreeableness would be inversely related to the endorsement of power assertion tactics and to displays of problem behaviors, and positively related to the endorsement of negotiation tactics and to displays of adaptive behaviors. Consistent with hypotheses, Agreeableness was inversely related to power assertion tactics and to displays of off-task, disruptive, and verbally aggressive behaviors. There was no evidence that Agreeableness was related to more socially sophisticated responses to conflict, such as negotiation, with our sample of second grade students; however, it was related to displays of adaptive behaviors, specifically on-task behaviors. Limitations, including potential reactivity effects and the restriction of observational data collection to one school-based setting, are discussed. Future researchers are encouraged to collect data from multiple sources in more than one setting over time.

Feeding the Recruitment of Inner City Kids to MSE by Keeping 5TH Graders on Track for Engineering in College

2000 ◽  
Vol 632 ◽  
Author(s):  
William E. Brower
Keyword(s):  
Inner City ◽  
Engineering Students ◽  
Fifth Graders ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
College Of Engineering

ABSTRACTThe fifth grade inner city volunteer teaching project (5GVP) at Marquette University's College of Engineering has attempted to inform and inspire Milwaukee's inner city fifth graders about engineering for the last ten years. Each year I have recruited our engineering students to volunteer to take self contained science lessons into the Milwaukee Public Schools'fifth grade classrooms. Although the lessons are on science and the career touted is engineering in general, the lessons are flavored by my being in MSE. Being excited about a career is certainly a precursor to choosing that career. I have found the fifth graders very excited about seeing and experiencing science in action as the engineering students present it to them. Hopefully, the program at Marquette will result in more inner city students choosing to enter college as engineers, with MSE garnering its usual share.

Exploring Bullying: Fifth Graders’ Interpretations and Understandings

2020 ◽  
pp. 016235322097830
Author(s):  
Diane Barone ◽  
Rebecca Barone
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Gifted And Talented ◽  
Fifth Graders ◽  
Gifted Students ◽  
School Personnel ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Descriptive Case Study ◽  
Fixed State ◽  
Talented Students

This study explored understandings shared by fifth-grade gifted students as they read the book Restart, which explores bullying. Students read, created representations, and discussed the text. Grounded by Langer’s stances of envisionment, this descriptive case study analyzed student representations and conversations. Each of the stances was represented with most responses being represented in Stances 1 (getting a sense of the text), 2 (interpreting text), and 4 (analyzing the text). In addition, most students viewed bullies and their behavior as being in a fixed state, which was tied to the perceived power a bully held. The results from this study have implications for teachers who work with gifted and talented students, counselors who work with students in mental health and resilience programs, and the collaboration of these school personnel.

Mediation or Production Deficiency in Disabled Readers?

1980 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-530
Author(s):  
Lauren Leslie
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Fifth Graders ◽  
Memory Capacity ◽  
Second Graders ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Overt Rehearsal ◽  
Covert Rehearsal ◽  
Disabled Readers

Deficiencies in disabled readers’ short-term memory processing were studied. A deficit in memory capacity versus susceptibility to interference was investigated by examining performance over trials. A mediation versus production deficiency in memory processing was examined by testing the effect of instructions for rehearsal on performance of average and disabled readers in Grades 2 and 5. Contrary to prior research, facilitative effects of rehearsal instructions on second graders’ memory were found only on Trial 1. Fifth graders’ memory was adversely affected by overt rehearsal. Requiring children to rehearse overtly at a set rate may account for the results. A second study examined effects of covert rehearsal on the memory of average and disabled readers in Grade 2 over trials. Facilitative effects of covert rehearsal were shown when data of children who spontaneously rehearsed were removed. A deficiency in production by second graders was supported. Disabled readers who did not rehearse were more susceptible to interference.

scholarly journals Examining Second Graders’ Healthy Food Choices: Through Literacy and Active Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 117863881983906
Author(s):  
Elsie Lindy Olan ◽  
Laurie O. Campbell ◽  
Shiva Jahani
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Second Graders ◽  
Healthy Food ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Literacy Environment ◽  
Second Grade Students ◽  
Alternative Approach

The purpose of this study was to investigate the implementation of a nutrition module and activities ( Go, Slow, Whoa) in a literacy environment through an active learning approach. Second graders (N = 85) from diverse socioeconomic status (SES) areas completed the 12-week program. The participants’ perceptions of healthy food choices were measured both pre- and post-intervention. Students met for 30 minutes twice a week, to complete 5-lessons from a Coordinated Approach to Child Health ( CATCH) nutrition module and activities ( Go, Slow, Whoa). Measures were taken both pre- and post-intervention ( Food Fury Quiz) to distinguishing between healthy and unhealthy foods (images). There was a statistically significant improvement ( t = 12.16, df =84, P = .000) from pretest ( M = 19.06, SD = 3.13) and posttest ( M = 23.34, SD = 0.48) scores. Administering a healthy food choice curriculum through literacy and active learning provides an alternative approach to improving health knowledge among second grade students.

Children’s Revision of Textual Flaws

1997 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 667-680 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Ann Cameron ◽  
Gail Edmunds ◽  
Barbara Wigmore ◽  
Anne Kathryn Hunt ◽  
M. J. Linton
Keyword(s):  
Reading Difficulty ◽  
Fifth Grade ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Writing Quality ◽  
Text Revision ◽  
Fifth Grade Students ◽  
Comprehension Skills ◽  
Surface Flaws ◽  
Text Reading ◽  
Reading Comprehension Skills

Two studies are reported here that investigated elementary school children’s text revision. In the first experiment, both semantic and surface flaws were inserted in texts that varied in reading difficulty. Second-grade through fifth-grade students revised these experimenter-generated passages, presented as examples of submissions to a class newspaper. Differences in text reading difficulty did not affect revision effectiveness, nor were the semantic flaws especially difficult to detect and revise. An age effect showed growth in the revision of both semantic and surface errors from grades 2 to 4 with 2nd-graders revising one-third of the inserted errors, and 4th- and 5th-graders revising three-quarters of them. Revision and cloze reading comprehension skills were correlated. A second study compared students’ revision of their own as well as another’s text flaws. Fifth-graders wrote a narrative for a classroom anthology, and they revised both their own and inserted flaws. Their writing was evaluated holistically. Rates of both semantic and surface revision were somewhat lower for their own as opposed to another’s text errors, but revision rates were nevertheless relatively high, and they correlated with writing quality; that is, children who wrote high-quality texts also revised more errors, especially experimenter-inserted flaws. These data confirm that children respond positively to writing challenges in the area of revision, a skill in process of development, which is amenable to inspection and appears ripe for facilitation.

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