Implementing the Assessment Standards for School Mathematics
Recommendations in the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 1989) and in the Assessment Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 1995) encourage teachers to incorporate into their curriculum and assessment practices more tasks that require students to construct their own responses, as opposed to primarily using tasks for which a response is provided, such as true-orfalse or multiple-choice tasks. Constructed responses enable students to demonstrate their depth of understanding of mathematics and give teachers greater insight into their students' knowledge of concepts. But when students are required to write about mathematics or explain their solution strategies, teachers want to know how to score such responses. Teachers have therefore become more interested in issues related to rubrics. A rubric is a set of guidelines for evaluating students' responses to one or more tasks. A general rubric is a broad outline that indicates vatious levels of performance and the factors that teachers should consider when specifying performance levels; a task-specific rubric interprets the general rubric for a specific task and specifies the particular mathematical aspects of the task that determine each level of performance (NCTM 1995; California Mathematics Council 1993).