Legal Protection for Traffic Police in Handling The Covid-19 Pandemic

This article aims to analyze the legal aspects of the traffic police's police in handling the covid-19 pandemic related to the legal basis of the traffic police's actions and analyze the legal protection of the traffic police who act as the Covid-19 chain breaker. Through normative legal research related to the legal aspects of traffic police actions as a Covid-19 chain breaker. In this study, the author uses a type of research, namely normative legal research. Normative research is research conducted by examining library materials or secondary data consisting of primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials from each normative law. The findings from this study include: The juridical basis for the traffic police to break the Covid-19 chain is Article 13 of Law Number 2 of 2002 concerning the Police, Law Number 22 of 2009 on Road Traffic and Transportation, Government Regulation Number 21 of 2020 concerning Large-Scale Social Restrictions (PSBB), Decree of the Indonesian National Police Number MAK/2/III/2020 concerning Compliance with Government Policies in Handling the Corona Virus, and Police Telegram Letters. The Traffic Police during Covid-19 acted according to the law in accordance with Article 19 of Law No. 2 of 2002 concerning the Police and Article 10 of Indonesian Republic Police No. 8 of 2009 concerning the Implementation of Human Rights Principles and Standards in Discharging the Duties of the Indonesian National Police.

CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATIONS OF INNOVATIVE-STRATEGIC FIELD OF STUDY OF FUTURE MILITARY SPECIALISTS OF VARIOUS SPECIALTIES OF THE SECURITY, PROTECTION AND DEFENSE SECTOR UNDER THE CONDITIONS OF EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS

the article is devoted to the problem of rising up the level of quality of training of future military specialists of various specialties of the security, protection and defense sector under the conditions of educational transformations. The analysis of literary sources allows to establish, that the processes of Euro-Atlantic integration cover more and more spheres of vital activity of our state and relate to the educational sphere. During the process of the study it was found that modernization of educational activity takes place in the context of European requirements, principles and standards of NATO member states. The article states a number of factors, which determine the need of solving the problem of rising up the quality of training of military specialists of different specialties. The analysis of scientific research devoted to different issues of organization of military education and training of military staff to professional activity. The positions of the concept of innovative-strategic direction of training of future military specialists of various specialties of the security protection and defense sector are revealed.

THE IMPORTANCE OF POLICE ETHICS FOR THE REPUTATION OF THE POLICE IN SOCIETY

Legal state is a democratic creation that is based on legal certainty and rule of law and is a form of state in which all subjects are bound by the law, where it is crucial that this refers to state authorities that have a monopoly over power and directly encroach the sphere of human rights. Acting according to the principle of legally is brought before the police as an imperative of great importance. Although this principle is, without a doubt, primary in the police work, it will not be the central topic of this paper. The goal of the author is to move focus of the paper towards the importance of adhering to ethical principles and standards, basic principles of democratic work of the police, as well as strengthening trust of citizens in the police in order to create safe community with accessible and ethically inclined police that responsibly act together with the community in identifying and solving security issues.

Humanitarian effectiveness in complex emergencies: South Sudan and Darfur

<p>My Master‟s Thesis explores the extent to which the international community has established processes of evaluation and learning that are improving humanitarian responses to complex humanitarian emergencies over time. It does so by reviewing a range of existing evaluations of successive crises in the former Sudan, with particular emphasis on Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) and Darfur. I assert that by addressing the shortcomings of past humanitarian operations and learning from them, the international community can improve the effectiveness of future humanitarian responses. OLS, which was the first multilateral humanitarian operation after the end of the Cold War and which is perceived as one of the biggest failures in humanitarian aid history, will be used as a starting point. Consequently, I used the case of Darfur in order to answer the following research questions: How has humanitarian effectiveness evolved in the former Sudan since the launch of OLS? Have lessons been learned from the failures of OLS? To answer these questions, I applied the UN OCHA-proposed Elements of Effectiveness as a framework, namely: performance, accountability, coordination, contextualization, principles and standards, relevance, participation, capacity, resilience and preparedness, innovation, and access. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part (chapter 2) explains how humanitarian aid has evolved after the end of the Cold War in regard to complex emergencies, and why the international community has felt the need for evaluating and improving humanitarian effectiveness. Chapters three and four critically analyse humanitarian effectiveness in the former Sudan, during OLS and in Darfur, respectively, in order to demonstrate how ineffective humanitarian aid has been and how little has changed in the international response, despite the fact that the former Sudan has been one of the largest recipients of humanitarian aid since the end of the Cold War. I argue that humanitarian aid has generally been seen as a failure since the end of the Cold War, and that evaluating humanitarian effectiveness is necessary for the improvement of humanitarian aid. On the other hand, complex emergencies are inherently political and require addressing their underlying socio-economic causes. Therefore, humanitarian aid cannot be solely blamed for the overall failures of international interventions, as it only exists alongside of crises and it is limited to saving lives, alleviating suffering of affected populations, and maintaining their human dignity. International actors mostly failed to address political problems of crises in the aftermath of the Cold War and humanitarian aid was used as the only response. When the crisis in Darfur broke out, the international community had more than ten years of experience in responding to complex emergencies. Yet, it again failed to respond effectively and repeated many of the mistakes of OLS. Major weaknesses of both operations were, apart from lacking political response, also problems associated with accessibility and lacking coordination and cooperation between humanitarian agencies. Although some improvements have been finally made in terms of humanitarian effectiveness in the past decade, there are still major problems in the humanitarian sector, such as insufficient funding mechanisms and inability of the UN to resolve prolonged crises on a political level. Furthermore, humanitarian aid is still characterised by a lack of data. Therefore, I assert that it is important to develop better standards for humanitarian response based on reflections on past operations. The Elements of Effectiveness give the impression of a useful starting point for developing such standards. Unified standards for monitoring and evaluation of humanitarian operations on an on-going basis will enable the international community to learn from past mistakes and to effectively fulfil the primary objectives of humanitarian aid.</p>

Humanitarian effectiveness in complex emergencies: South Sudan and Darfur

<p>My Master‟s Thesis explores the extent to which the international community has established processes of evaluation and learning that are improving humanitarian responses to complex humanitarian emergencies over time. It does so by reviewing a range of existing evaluations of successive crises in the former Sudan, with particular emphasis on Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) and Darfur. I assert that by addressing the shortcomings of past humanitarian operations and learning from them, the international community can improve the effectiveness of future humanitarian responses. OLS, which was the first multilateral humanitarian operation after the end of the Cold War and which is perceived as one of the biggest failures in humanitarian aid history, will be used as a starting point. Consequently, I used the case of Darfur in order to answer the following research questions: How has humanitarian effectiveness evolved in the former Sudan since the launch of OLS? Have lessons been learned from the failures of OLS? To answer these questions, I applied the UN OCHA-proposed Elements of Effectiveness as a framework, namely: performance, accountability, coordination, contextualization, principles and standards, relevance, participation, capacity, resilience and preparedness, innovation, and access. The thesis is divided into three main parts. The first part (chapter 2) explains how humanitarian aid has evolved after the end of the Cold War in regard to complex emergencies, and why the international community has felt the need for evaluating and improving humanitarian effectiveness. Chapters three and four critically analyse humanitarian effectiveness in the former Sudan, during OLS and in Darfur, respectively, in order to demonstrate how ineffective humanitarian aid has been and how little has changed in the international response, despite the fact that the former Sudan has been one of the largest recipients of humanitarian aid since the end of the Cold War. I argue that humanitarian aid has generally been seen as a failure since the end of the Cold War, and that evaluating humanitarian effectiveness is necessary for the improvement of humanitarian aid. On the other hand, complex emergencies are inherently political and require addressing their underlying socio-economic causes. Therefore, humanitarian aid cannot be solely blamed for the overall failures of international interventions, as it only exists alongside of crises and it is limited to saving lives, alleviating suffering of affected populations, and maintaining their human dignity. International actors mostly failed to address political problems of crises in the aftermath of the Cold War and humanitarian aid was used as the only response. When the crisis in Darfur broke out, the international community had more than ten years of experience in responding to complex emergencies. Yet, it again failed to respond effectively and repeated many of the mistakes of OLS. Major weaknesses of both operations were, apart from lacking political response, also problems associated with accessibility and lacking coordination and cooperation between humanitarian agencies. Although some improvements have been finally made in terms of humanitarian effectiveness in the past decade, there are still major problems in the humanitarian sector, such as insufficient funding mechanisms and inability of the UN to resolve prolonged crises on a political level. Furthermore, humanitarian aid is still characterised by a lack of data. Therefore, I assert that it is important to develop better standards for humanitarian response based on reflections on past operations. The Elements of Effectiveness give the impression of a useful starting point for developing such standards. Unified standards for monitoring and evaluation of humanitarian operations on an on-going basis will enable the international community to learn from past mistakes and to effectively fulfil the primary objectives of humanitarian aid.</p>

Legal Aspects of Actions of the Traffic Police as a Chain Breaker for Covid-19 Transmission

The role of Police of the Republic of Indonesia in enforcing discipline among the community is very significant, especially the role of Traffic Police (SATLANTAS) in providing education to people who drive, use public transportation to access the public facilities and so on. However, people who want to be protected cannot accept the funeral of Covid-19 in their local cemeteries, by resisting police officers. So in this case, POLRI (the Police of the Republic of Indonesia) and especially the traffic polices play a significant role in facing the community. There is a need for legal protection for the efforts that the police will take in both preventive and repressive efforts. The purpose of this study is to analyze the Legal Aspects of traffic police action as a Covid-19 transmission chain breaker. The method used in this research is a normative juridical research method, which is research that focuses on examining the application of rules or norms in positive law. The purpose of this study is to analyze the legal aspects of traffic police action as a covid-19 chain breaker. This research is expected to provide information to the reader about the legal aspects of traffic police action as a Covid-19 chain breaker and a form of legal protection for traffic police who have a duty to break the covid-19 chain breaker. As for the results of this research, every action taken by the police, especially the traffic police during a pandemic to the public has a legal basis, namely Law Number 2 of 2002 on Police of the republic of Indonesia , Article 3 of Law Number 22 of 2009 traffic and road transport other the police also have a right to be protected like a civil society because they have the rights as stated in Article 28 of the 1945 Constitution and Article 10 of article number 8 of 2009 on the implementation of human rights principles and standards in the performance of the duties of the state police of the republic of Indonesia. So that for policyholders to be able to provide more strict regulations, and informative for the public and police officers can realize a common goal. It is hoped that no more similar cases will occur so that the public can better understand the rules in force in the Prevention of Covid-19 Transmission in Indonesia and the public can act more wisely in dealing with it.

Legal Rules Concerning Shoot to Death for Criminal Acts of Terrorism in the Perspective of the Principle of the Prejudiction of Innovality

The state in carrying out the life of the nation and state faces threats that come from within the country and abroad. This study aims to find out the legal rules regarding shooting to death for perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism in the perspective of the principle of the presumption of innocence, where this case has always been a hot issue in Indonesia, especially when we associate shooting to death or being shot on the spot for perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism with the principle of presumption of innocence. This research is normative in nature with reference to existing books, journals, and laws and regulations. There are several legal rules that form the basis for doing so/shooting death against terrorism crimes are: Article 48 of the Criminal Code, In Article 49 paragraph (1) of the Criminal Code, In Article 51 of the Criminal Code paragraph (1), National Police Chief Regulation Number 8 of 2009 concerning Implementation of Human Rights Principles and Standards. The principle of presumption of innocence also places him in the Burden of Proof or the burden of proof and it is the duty of the public prosecutor to prove the defendant's guilt, unless the proof of Insanity is imposed on the defendant or the law provides strict provisions for reverse proof. The application of the principle of presumption of innocence must also always uphold human rights that must be respected by everyone.

On the Formation of Environmental Normative Criteria: Bioethics as a Dead End

The need to reflect upon the environment and the creation of a concept of environmental philosophy resonated in the philosophical thinking of the 1980s and 1990s. It seems that the advent of national and international institutions, which were “given” the responsibility for environmental issues, the importance of creating environmental principles, and pursuing environmental goals, has seemingly dwindled. The relationship with the environment has turned into the relationship of a citizen to his or her country, and with the principles and standards taking the form of legal regulations, the issue quickly became a matter of abiding by the law. Whilst discussion on how the normative criteria are set continued, its focus shifted to the questions of how and why they should be gradually made stricter, factoring in the economic interests of enterprises, and the time needed for setting up the processes, and developing new technologies. Environmental philosophy gradually integrated into bioethics in a broader context. This paper discusses the question of whether the integration of the environmental philosophy of bioethics helped to better promote the idea of environmental responsibility and environmental ethics, or otherwise. The study aims to initiate a discussion on whether this was a step in the right direction, and to assess how effective it was in relation to the pursuit and formation of environmental criteria.

A Review of Trusted Research Environments to Support Next Generation Capabilities based on Interview Analysis (Preprint)

BACKGROUND A Trusted Research Environment (also known as a Safe Haven) is an environment supported by trained staff and agreed processes (principles and standards) providing access to data for research whilst protecting patient confidentially. Accessing sensitive data without compromising the privacy and security of the data is a complex process. OBJECTIVE This paper presents the security measures, administrative procedures and technical approaches adopted by TREs. METHODS We contacted TRE operators, 20 of whom, in the UK and internationally, agreed to be interviewed remotely under a non-disclosure agreement and to complete a questionnaire about their TRE. RESULTS We observed many similar processes and standards which TREs follow to adhere to the Seven Safes principles. The security processes and TRE capabilities for supporting observational studies using classical statistical methods were mature and the requirements well understood. However, we identified limitations in the security measures and capabilities of TREs to support “next-generation” requirements such as wider ranges of data types, the ability to develop artificial intelligence algorithms and software within the environment, the handling of big data, and timely import and export of data. CONCLUSIONS We found a lack of software/automation tools to support the community and limited knowledge of how to meet next-generation requirements from the research community. Disclosure control for exporting artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms and software was found to be particularly challenging where there is a clear need for additional controls to support this capability within TREs.

Operationalizing Human Rights in Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Programming: An Example from a Global Family Planning Partnership

The International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), which has guided programming on sexual reproductive health and rights (SRHR) for 25 years, reinforced that governments have a role to play in addressing population issues but in ways that respect human rights and address social and gender inequities. The shift at ICPD was partly in response to excesses that had occurred in some family planning programs, resulting in human rights abuses. The 2012 London Summit on Family Planning refocused attention on family planning as a crucial component of SRHR and, in part due to significant pushback on the announcement of a goal of reaching an additional 120 million women and girls with contraception by 2020 in the world’s poorest countries, ignited work to ensure that programming to achieve this ambitious goal would be grounded in respecting, protecting, and fulfilling human rights. This attention to human rights has been maintained in Family Planning 2030 (FP2030), the follow on to Family Planning 2020 (FP2020). While challenges remain, particularly in light of pushback on reproductive rights, widespread work over the past decade to identify human rights principles and standards related to family planning, integrate them into programming, strengthen accountability, and incorporate rights into monitoring and evaluation has improved family planning programs.