scholarly journals Zonation of Lithuanian Silurian graptolites and other faunal groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juozas Paškevičius
Keyword(s):  
Low Energy ◽  
Contour Lines ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
History Of ◽  
Partial Extinction ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Area ◽  
Marine Basin ◽  
Equal Thickness

The Baltic Silurian Basin, Lithuanian Depression and other structures are shown in the map, with marked by isopachs (contour lines of equal thickness) of the Silurian beds with graptolites and fauna of other groups. The Silurian facies vary greatly in the Depression – from clayey open-sea deep shelf to carbonaceous ones of shallow shelf, and low-energy lagoon facies. The history of investigations on East Baltic area graptolites begins from 1953–1958, when 15 graptolite zones were singled out, and proceeds to 35 zones defined now. Peculiarities in the graptolite scale from C. cyphus to N. lochkovensis inclusive are discussed. Transgressions and regressions of the Silurian marine basin, as well as shorter transgressions with wedges and graptolites of clayey facies shifted towards basin shores and regressions with partial extinction of graptolites are elucidated. During these investigations the graptolite scale has been detailed and added with new zones. Graptolite evolution in the zones has been analysed. Stages of graptolite evolution are analysed in relation to the following bioevents: Stačiūnai, Likėnai, Valgu, Ireviken, Mulde, Linde, Lau, Klev and Šilalė. Finally, two tables present graptolite zone correlation with conodont, vertebrate and ostracod zones revealing a highly detailed stratigraphy of the Lithuanian Silurian.

The Beginning of the Reformation in Estonia

1953 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-278
Author(s):  
Karl Laantee
Keyword(s):  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Area

The history of the Estonian nation begins about 2000 B.C. when they settled down in the land which is now known as Estonia. Roman historians called all the peoples of the Baltic area collectively by the name of “Aesti”; later that name came to apply to the Estonians alone. Tacitus thought that the “Aesti” spoke a language “similar to that of the Britons”, whereas in fact the Estonians, Finns and Livs spoke a so-called Finno-Ugri language, utterly distinct from the languages of Slavs, Germanic groups, Latvians and Lithuanians.

IV.—On the Important Part played by Calcareous Algæ at certain Geological Horizons, with Special Reference to the Palæozoic Rocks

1913 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 545-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. J. Garwood
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Calcareous Algae ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Lower Carboniferous ◽  
History Of ◽  
Jurassic Rocks ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Area ◽  
Insight Into

Solenopora.—The discovery of this genus in the Lower Carboniferous rocks of Westmorland is of considerable interest, as its occurrence here gives us some insight into the history of its wanderings between the time when we last recorded it in the Gotlandian rocks of the Baltic area and its subsequent reappearance in the Lower Oolite of Gloucestershire. Whether it lived in the Baltic area during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods is, however, still unknown. The fact of its occurrence in the Caradoc, Carboniferous, and Jurassic rocks of the British Isles would appear to point to its existence not far off during the intervening periods.

Parish Registers and Revisions: Research Strategies in Estonian Historical Demography and Agrarian History

1983 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heldur Palli
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Common Ground ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Historical Inquiry ◽  
Population Turnover ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Area ◽  
Estonian Population

Even when historians disagree profoundly over causation, periodization, and perhaps the ultimate purpose of historical inquiry, they may still be able to find common ground in the discussion of primary sources and of the appropriate methods of extracting from them accurate information about a vitally important but heretofore neglected dimension of past social life. Such an impression emerges when Heldur Palli‘s account of the historical demographic research at the Institute of History of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR is placed in the context of Western inquiries into the history of European populations. The methodological adjustments required in the application of well-known demographic techniques to unusual data sources should be better understood when the Estonian researchers conclude their work of family reconstitution from multi-lingual evidence about a peasantry with highly unstable naming practices. Also, Coale and Anderson (1979) described how the demographic characteristics of the Baltic area (including Estonia) in the late nineteenth century distinguished it from Russia proper, thus raising the question of when, in the distant past, these characteristics first appeared and how they can be described quantitatively before the first modern Baltic census of 1881. The sources being used by Palli and his colleagues no doubt will contain at least the beginnings of a concrete answer to these questions. Furthermore, the research by Peter Laslett and others on a regionalized model of premodern European household structure has suggested that the Baltic area stands somewhere between the West—with its high proportion of simple family households—and Russia—with its impressively high incidence of multiple family structures, a proposition which the cadastral revisions and fiscal censuses of Estonia should help to refine. There are also the questions of population turnover and social mobility, to which the frequent enumerations of the Estonian population ought to bring considerable quantitative evidence illustrating Eastern European patterns. Finally, Estonian peasants, like many other peasantries in the centuries discussed by Palli, were serfs; but, unlike all but a very few peasantries elsewhere, the Estonian population continued to be precisely enumerated by state authorities even after the abolition of serfdom in 1816-1819. The availability of detailed household-level data before and after legal emancipation will be of interest to Western scholars who have had to deal with the social structural consequences of emancipatory measures among servile agricultural populations in their own societies.

Collected Documents on the History of the Pskov Orthodox Mission: A Recent Publication

2018 ◽  
pp. 306-312
Author(s):  
Veniamin F. Zima ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Personal Data ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Inner Life ◽  
Great Patriotic War ◽  
Occupied Territories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Underground Resistance ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Church ◽  
Insight Into

The reviewed work is devoted to a significant, and yet little-studied in both national and foreign scholarship, issue of the clergy interactions with German occupational authorities on the territory of the USSR in the days of the Great Patriotic War. It introduces into scientific use historically significant complex of documents (1941-1945) from the archive of the Office of the Metropolitan Sergius (Voskresensky) of Vilnius and Lithuania, patriarchal exarch in Latvia and Estonia, and also records from the investigatory records on charges against clergy and employees concerned in the activities of the Pskov Orthodox Mission (1944-1990). Documents included in the publication are stored in the archives of Moscow, St. Petersburg, Estonia, Lithuania, Leningrad, Novgorod, and Pskov regions. They allow some insight into nature, forms, and methods of the Nazi occupational regime policies in the conquered territories (including policies towards the Church). The documents capture religious policies of the Nazis and inner life of the exarchate, describe actual situation of population and clergy, management activities and counterinsurgency on the occupied territories. The documents bring to light connections between the exarchate and German counterintelligence and reveal the nature of political police work with informants. They capture the political mood of population and prisoners of war. There is information on participants of partisan movement and underground resistance, on communication net between the patriarchal exarchate in the Baltic states and the German counterintelligence. Reports and dispatches of the clergy in the pay of the Nazis addressed to the Metropolitan Sergius (Voskresensky) contain detailed activity reports. Investigatory records contain important biographical information and personal data on the collaborators. Most of the documents, being classified, have never been published before.

Contacts and Networks in the Baltic Sea Region

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Religious Studies ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Cultural Goods ◽  
The Third ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic

Since prehistoric times, the Baltic Sea has functioned as a northern mare nostrum — a crucial nexus that has shaped the languages, folklore, religions, literature, technology, and identities of the Germanic, Finnic, Sámi, Baltic, and Slavic peoples. This anthology explores the networks among those peoples. The contributions to Contacts and Networks in the Baltic Sea Region: Austmarr as a Northern mare nostrum, ca. 500-1500 ad address different aspects of cultural contacts around and across the Baltic from the perspectives of history, archaeology, linguistics, literary studies, religious studies, and folklore. The introduction offers a general overview of crosscultural contacts in the Baltic Sea region as a framework for contextualizing the volume’s twelve chapters, organized in four sections. The first section concerns geographical conceptions as revealed in Old Norse and in classical texts through place names, terms of direction, and geographical descriptions. The second section discusses the movement of cultural goods and persons in connection with elite mobility, the slave trade, and rune-carving practice. The third section turns to the history of language contacts and influences, using examples of Finnic names in runic inscriptions and Low German loanwords in Finnish. The final section analyzes intercultural connections related to mythology and religion spanning Baltic, Finnic, Germanic, and Sámi cultures. Together these diverse articles present a dynamic picture of this distinctive part of the world.

Organohalogens of Natural and Industrial Origin in Large Recipients of Bleach-Plant Effluents

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 373-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Grimvall ◽  
H. Borén ◽  
S. Jonsson ◽  
S. Karlsson ◽  
R. Sävenhed
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Open Sea ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Organic Halogens

The long-term fate of chlorophenols and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) was studied in two large recipients of bleach-plant effluents: Lake Vättern in Sweden and the Baltic Sea. The study showed that there is a long-distance transport (>100 km) of chloroguaiacols from bleach-plants to remote parts of receiving waters. However, there was no evidence of several-year-long accumulation of chloro-organics in the water-phase. A simple water-exchange model for Lake Vättern showed that the cumulated bleach-plant discharges from the past 35 years would have increased the AOX concentration in the lake by more than 100 µg Cl/l, if no AOX had been removed from the water by evaporation, sedimentation or degradation. However, the observed AOX concentration in Lake Vättern averaged only about 15 µg Cl/l, which was less than the average AOX concentration (32 µg Cl/l) in the “unpolluted” tributaries of the lake. Similar investigations in the Baltic Sea showed that non-point sources, including natural halogenation processes, accounted for a substantial fraction of the AOX in the open sea. The presence of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol in precipitation and “unpolluted” surface waters showed that non-point sources may also make a considerable contribution to the background levels of compounds normally regarded as indicators of bleach-plant effluents.

The History of Cyanobacterial Blooms in the Baltic Sea

AMBIO ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 172-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terttu Finni ◽  
Kaisa Kononen ◽  
Riitta Olsonen ◽  
Kerstin Wallström
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Baltic
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