Działalność konspiracyjna Żydów w Krakowie jako reakcja na niemiecką politykę Zagłady

This article presents a detailed history of what the underground resistance of Krakow’s Jews consisted of during the Second World War. It incorporates examples of different types of passive resistance applied as well as the history of illegal organisations that undertook aid activities and Jewish partisan actions. The activities of the partisans in the Krakow forests is scrutinised, together with how contact networks and the production of illegal documents were organised. The article contains a comprehensive analysis of the greatest military achievement of Krakow Jews, known as “attack on Bohemia”, which was remembered as a momentous occasion. Finally, the article shows the evo-lution of the idea of resistance to the Germans and their anti-Jewish policy among Jewish youth.

Carl Wilhelm Sem-Jacobsen: Aerospace Neurophysiology and Deep Brain Stimulation Pioneer

The Norwegian physician Carl Wilhelm Sem-Jacobsen (1912-1991) was a pioneer in deep brain stimulation and aerospace neurophysiology, but for several reasons his story has remained untold. During WW2 he collaborated with a renowned military underground resistance group against the Nazi occupants, then had to flee to neutral Sweden. He returned to participate in the liberation of Northern Norway as a Captain in the US Special Forces also working with the OSS (Office of Strategic Services – precursor for CIA) and received a citation from General Eisenhower for his contributions. Sem-Jacobsen then spent several years in the USA training in psychiatry and clinical neurophysiology at the Mayo Clinic. He constructed his own medical technical devices, was among the first to develop deep brain stimulation, and made the smallest EEG- and EKG recording systems yet produced, also used by the American astronauts walking on the Moon. But he was more an inventor than a researcher and few of his observations were published in peer-review medical journals. He built his own neurophysiological institute for neurosurgery, deep brain recordings and deep brain stimulation in Oslo’s main psychiatric hospital, but was sponsored by US military forces and NASA. He knew CIA Director William E. Colby personally, and rumours soon flourished that Sem-Jacobsen conducted secret mind-control experiments for American authorities and the CIA. These accusations were investigated, and long after his death he was officially absolved by a Hearing Committee appointed by the Norwegian Government. Nevertheless all his personal files were burnt by his family who was still harassed by investigative journalists. Sem-Jacobsen also documented some of his work on film, but the whereabouts of these films have remained unknown. I searched for them for several years and recently discovered numerous films and photos in an old barn in rural Norway. These films and photos document in-action neurophysiology recordings in divers, pilots, and astronauts, and they show how Sem-Jacobsen in collaboration with experienced neurosurgeons in Oslo conducted the very first trials with deep brain stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s Disease. He apparently even tried subthalamic stimulation as early as in the 1950s.

Same Goal, Different Paths, Different Class: Women’s Feminist Political Engagements in Kosovo from the Mid-1970s until the Mid-1990s

The year 1989, when Serbia revoked Kosovo’s autonomy, was a break that changed also the course of women’s political engagements. Women had always to negotiate and strategise with different layers of power and against different forms of oppression—state and patriarchal oppression and cultural racism as well as class oppression. The author highlights the convergences and divergences of women’s political activism in the political dynamics of late socialism and then in the 1990s in Kosovo. She looks at gender, class and national dimensions of women’s political engagements with a focus on women who were part of the underground resistance movement commonly known as Ilegalja in the 1970s and 1980s as well as women intellectuals who held high state positions and were considered a part of the elite. After 1989, many engaged in the peacaful resistance movement of the 1990s.

Exploring Resistance Operating Concept. Promises and pitfalls of (violent) underground resistance

The paper aims to contribute to discussion on comprehensive defence development by looking into Resistance Operating Concept and Comprehensive Defence Handbook. These two documents are designed as a guide for the countries facing a formidable adversary to help them develop resistance (including violent) infrastructure before the potential invasion. After discussing the main tenets of the concept and suggesting a wider engagement with case studies and scientific literature on this and similar topics, the paper addresses the pitfalls and considerations of preparing such resistance in peacetime, focusing on five areas: C2, legitimacy, recruitment, potential problems in long-term and communication.

Weirdness at Midnight

Dorothea Gail. Weird American Music: Case Studies of Underground Resistance, BarlowGirl, Jackalope, Charles Ives, and Waffle House Music. Universitätsverlag Winter, 2018, 413 pages.

Damned Cartoons! Workers’ Identity and Resistance

Varied visual strategies were showcased in España Libre. Some authors ridiculed fascists in gendered terms while others sought compassion for refugees. Comic art grew awareness of the threat of fascism and exposed the state of terror perpetrated by Hitler and Franco. When Sergio Aragonés translated the Spanish underground resistance reports into visual language on the front page of España Libre, he perceptively counteracted the Franco regime’s propaganda. Similarly, Josep Bartolí i Guiu’s illustrations humanized political prisoners for readers. As visual discursive spaces, cartoons endorsed emotions brought forth by belonging to a transnational, antifascist, and proletarian community and asked readers to think collectively about the need for solidarity and protection of the working-class culture both in exile and under fascism. Cartoons delivered España Libre’s message powerfully until the last issue of the periodical, even after many founders had passed away.

„Kiugrás” az ismeretlenbe. Az 1944-ben Mezőcsokonya területén lezuhant angol szállító repülőgép és legénységének története

On the night 3/4 July 1944 a Handley Page Hali-fax Mk II cargo plane, belonged to the royal air Force 148. squadron crashed near the village Mezőcsokonya, Hungary. All eight crewmembers lost their lives. They flew a double coded mission, first to drop supplies to Yugoslavian partisans then to drop four secret SoE agents (Special operations Ex-ecutive) over Hungary. The agents would have had to set up an underground resistance group which could have helped and supported Hungary to leave the axis. almost twenty years of research making interviews with eyewitnesses and relatives, studying documents, and making investigation and field research for remains of the plane finally revealed the full and detailed story of the eight crewmembers, the four agents and their mission.