STATISTICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF CLIMATE TRENDS IN ANNUAL SERIES OF AVERAGE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION TO THE STATE CAPITAL OF BRAZIL

The fabrication process of clay pans in the state of Espírito Santo, southeast of Brazil, is a recognized part of the country’s popular culture. In Goiabeiras, a district of the state capital Vitória, the traditional production of these pans is the source of income for many families. The technique used in these ceramic pans is of indigenous origin, characterized by manual molding, outdoor burning and application of tannin dye. The clay pans are distributed to several Brazilian states and are nowadays conquering the external market. For producing these pans, two types of, yellow and gray, clays are used. The actual source of raw material comes from the deposit of the Mulembá valley, where a concern on the possibility of exhaustion exists. The objective of this study was then to characterize these two types of clays and so contribute to the continuity of traditional clay pan production by knowing the characteristics of the local clays in case of an eventual need for their replacement. Chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution, plasticity and thermal analysis of the clays were performed. The results showed that the clays are high plasticity kaolinite with considerable amounts of SiO2 and Al2O3 as well as of alkaline oxides, earth alkaline oxides and Fe2O3.

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Low wind spells characterization over Europe as seen from ERA5 reanalysis

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9125 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Enrique Sanchez ◽

Claudia Gutierrez ◽

Maria Ofelia Molina ◽

María Ortega

Keyword(s):

Energy Production ◽

Normal Values ◽

Climatic Variability ◽

Time Variability ◽

Statistical Characterization ◽

Time Frequency ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Light Wind ◽

Expert Team

<p>Light wind conditions can be a very relevant feature from the wind power perspective. If such values are below a certain threshold (fixed or relative to some percentile), from the renewable energy production perspective, the amount of such energy is then strongly reduced or even suppressed. Frequency and intensity of such conditions is therefore of high interest, and a characterization of how these conditions can remain in time (during several hours, or days) can be even more important. From a climatic perspective, those episodes could be named as spells. This is the case of dry or wet ones, when referring to precipitation and its absence, or hot or cold ones, when focusing on temperatures. There is plenty of literature focused on that extreme conditions, for example in the set of indices to define extreme events developed by the ETCCDI (the CCl/CLIVAR/JCOMM Expert Team (ET) on Climate Change Detection and Indices: http://etccdi.pacificclimate.org/). However, no mention is made to wind there. Here, we will explore the application of those indices for temperature and precipitation, but now applied to wind values, when they remain below normal values during a certain period of time. Several considerations will first be made to define light wind thresholds. Then, the statistical characterization of the persistence of those conditions will be inspected. ERA5 reanalysis over Europe for the last 40 years is used as the database to perform such analysis, at a resolution of 0.25 degrees for the whole region. From ERA5 time frequency, we are able to analyze hourly scales, due to the high time variability of wind, which can be also of quite relevant interest from the energetic resource perspective. We also analyze daily scales, which is more typical from a climatic focus, and see how these results can be related to mean wind conditions at each point. Time climatic variability and spatial obtained patterns are also studied. Results from this work will be useful to advance in a more systematic and rigorous climatic description of such wind conditions, that would be very important from the energy perspective, for example. In particular, we are interested in exploring the recently developed concept of energy droughts (Raynaud et al., 2018).</p>

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The trend towards a warmer and wetter climate observed in arid and semi-arid areas of northwest China from 1959 to 2019

Environmental Research Communications ◽

10.1088/2515-7620/ac39f7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shijun Zheng ◽

Bing Zhang ◽

Dailiang Peng ◽

Le Yu ◽

Binbin Lin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Potential Evapotranspiration ◽

Meteorological Data ◽

Growing Season ◽

Northwest China ◽

Temporal Variations ◽

Climate Trends ◽

Average Temperature ◽

Temperature And Precipitation ◽

Bare Land ◽

Spatial Differences

Abstract The observed trend towards a warmer and wetter climate in northwest China is a controversial issue lacking sufficient scientific research. Based on monthly meteorological data from 201 weather stations in northwest China and surrounding regions from 1959 to 2019, we calculated potential evapotranspiration using Penman-Monteith (PM) equation. By analyzing the spatial–temporal variations in temperature and precipitation and by studying changing drought trends, we systematically explored the climate trends in northwest China over the past 60 years. Our findings include: (1) From 1959 to 2019, during the growing season, there was a significant upward trend in temperature across northwest China. The most obvious trend, ranged between 0.4–0.6℃ per decade, was observed in northern Qinghai and northeastern Xinjiang. On a per-month basis, the average temperature increased in all months, with April showing a maximum rate of 0.41℃ per decade. (2) The amount of precipitation in the growing season increased in most regions, especially in western Xinjiang and Qinghai. The areas of reduced precipitation were mainly concentrated in the south of Gansu and Ningxia, the west of Shaanxi and the northeast of Xinjiang. The average precipitation also increased in all months, with June showing a maximum change rate of 1.8mm per decade. (3) There were obvious spatial differences in the climate trends in northwest China with the warming shifting from areas of bare land to grassland and the trend towards increased rainfall shifting from grassland to bare land. These effects were most obvious in Xinjiang’s Tarim Basin. (4) From 1959 to 2019, the degree of drought in northwest China significantly decreased in most areas. The areas where drought decreased and precipitation increased were fairly consistent, which produced a strong spatial correlation between them.

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Zur Kriminalstatistik der Landenshauptstadt Wiesbaden in Jahre 1965 (Crime Statistics in the State Capital Wiesbaden in 1965)

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e452852008-152 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Karl Ender

Keyword(s):

The State ◽

Crime Statistics ◽

State Capital

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Statistical Characterization of Harmonic Emissions in Power Supply Systems

International Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE) ◽

10.15866/iree.v9i4.1099 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 803 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Diego Bellan

Keyword(s):

Power Supply ◽

Statistical Characterization ◽

Supply Systems

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Statistical Characterization of Fish School Clutter

10.21236/ada472811 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

Timothy K. Stanton ◽

Dezhang Chu

Keyword(s):

Statistical Characterization ◽

Fish School

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Critical Review of EMC Standards for the Measurement of Radiated Electromagnetic Emissions from Transit Line and Rolling Stock

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14030759 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 759

Author(s):

Andrea Mariscotti

Keyword(s):

Time Distribution ◽

Communication Systems ◽

Electromagnetic Compatibility ◽

Transportation Systems ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Rolling Stock ◽

Intrinsic Variability ◽

Statistical Characterization ◽

Electromagnetic Emissions

Accurate and comprehensive methods for the assessment of radiated electromagnetic emissions in modern electric transportation systems are a necessity. The characteristics and susceptibility of modern victim signaling and communication radio services, operating within and outside the right-of-way, require an update of the measurement methods integrating or replacing the swept frequency technique with time domain approaches. Applicable standards are the EN 50121 (equivalent to the IEC 62236) and Urban Mass Transport Association (UMTA) with additional specifications from project contracts. This work discusses the standardized methods and settings, and the representative operating conditions, highlighting areas where improvements are possible and opportune (statistical characterization of measurement results, identification and distinction of emissions and line resonances, and narrowband and broadband phenomena). In particular for the Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) assessment with new Digital Communication Systems, the characterization of time distribution of spectral properties is discussed, e.g., by means of Amplitude Probability Distribution and including time distribution information. The problem of determination of site and setup uncertainty and repeatability is also discussed, observing on one hand the lack of clear indications in standards and, on the other hand, the non-ideality and intrinsic variability of measurement conditions (e.g., rolling stock operating conditions, synchronization issues, and electric arc intermittence).

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