scholarly journals When one code = 2,300 species: Expanding our understanding of the trade in aquatic marine wildlife

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L Rhyne ◽  
Michael F Tlusty ◽  
Joseph Szczebak ◽  
Robert J Holmberg
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fish ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
The Us ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Aquarium Hobby

The trade of marine ornamental animals for home and public aquariums has grown into a major global industry. Since the 1990s, the aquarium hobby has shifted focus from fish to miniature reef ecosystems. Millions of marine fish and invertebrates are removed from coral reefs and associated habitats each year, and the majority are imported into the United States, with the remainder imported by Europe, Japan, and a handful of other countries. This shift in aquarium complexity demands increases in not only the volume but also the diversity of species harvested by collectors, who now must supply the trade with species sought for both aesthetics as well as ecosystem services (e.g., species that benefit the life support services of aquariums). Despite the recent growth and diversification of the aquarium trade, to date, data collection is not mandatory, and hence comprehensive information on species volume or diversity is wanting. The lack of this information makes it impossible to study trade pathways. Without species-specific volume and diversity data, it is unclear how importing and exporting governments can oversee this industry effectively. It is also unclear how sustainability should be encouraged given the paucity of data. To expand our knowledge and understanding of this trade, and to be able to effectively communicate this new understanding, we introduce the Marine Aquarium Biodiversity and Trade Flow online database (https://www.aquariumtradedata.org/). This tool was created as a means to assess the volume and diversity of marine fishes and/or invertebrates imported into the US over four years (2005, 2008, 2009, and 2011) and one month of additional data in 2000. It is available online for perusal by the public which will help communicate this new understanding in the trade of aquatic wildlife. To create this online tool, invoices pertaining to shipments of live marine fish and invertebrates were scanned and analyzed for species name, quantity, country of origin, and city of import destination. The results for October 2000 as well as the year between June 2004 and May 2005 have been published (Rhyne et al. 2012, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035808; Balboa 2003). Here we focus on the later three years of data and also produce an estimate of fish to create complete calendar years for 2000, 2004, and 2005. The three-year aggregate totals indicate that just under 2,300 fish and 725 invertebrate species were imported into the US, even though each year, just shy of 1,800 fish and 550 invertebrate species were traded. Overall, the total number of live marine animals decreased between 2008 and 2011. In 2008, 2009, and 2011, the total number of individual fish (8.2, 7.3, and 6.9 million) and invertebrates (4.2, 3.7, and 3.6 million) assessed by analyzing the invoice data are roughly 60% of the total volumes recorded through the LEMIS dataset.

scholarly journals When one code = 2,300 species: Expanding our understanding of the trade in aquatic marine wildlife

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L Rhyne ◽  
Michael F Tlusty ◽  
Joseph Szczebak ◽  
Robert J Holmberg
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fish ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
The Us ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Aquarium Hobby

The trade of marine ornamental animals for home and public aquariums has grown into a major global industry. Since the 1990s, the aquarium hobby has shifted focus from fish to miniature reef ecosystems. Millions of marine fish and invertebrates are removed from coral reefs and associated habitats each year, and the majority are imported into the United States, with the remainder imported by Europe, Japan, and a handful of other countries. This shift in aquarium complexity demands increases in not only the volume but also the diversity of species harvested by collectors, who now must supply the trade with species sought for both aesthetics as well as ecosystem services (e.g., species that benefit the life support services of aquariums). Despite the recent growth and diversification of the aquarium trade, to date, data collection is not mandatory, and hence comprehensive information on species volume or diversity is wanting. The lack of this information makes it impossible to study trade pathways. Without species-specific volume and diversity data, it is unclear how importing and exporting governments can oversee this industry effectively. It is also unclear how sustainability should be encouraged given the paucity of data. To expand our knowledge and understanding of this trade, and to be able to effectively communicate this new understanding, we introduce the Marine Aquarium Biodiversity and Trade Flow online database (https://www.aquariumtradedata.org/). This tool was created as a means to assess the volume and diversity of marine fishes and/or invertebrates imported into the US over four years (2005, 2008, 2009, and 2011) and one month of additional data in 2000. It is available online for perusal by the public which will help communicate this new understanding in the trade of aquatic wildlife. To create this online tool, invoices pertaining to shipments of live marine fish and invertebrates were scanned and analyzed for species name, quantity, country of origin, and city of import destination. The results for October 2000 as well as the year between June 2004 and May 2005 have been published (Rhyne et al. 2012, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035808; Balboa 2003). Here we focus on the later three years of data and also produce an estimate of fish to create complete calendar years for 2000, 2004, and 2005. The three-year aggregate totals indicate that just under 2,300 fish and 725 invertebrate species were imported into the US, even though each year, just shy of 1,800 fish and 550 invertebrate species were traded. Overall, the total number of live marine animals decreased between 2008 and 2011. In 2008, 2009, and 2011, the total number of individual fish (8.2, 7.3, and 6.9 million) and invertebrates (4.2, 3.7, and 3.6 million) assessed by analyzing the invoice data are roughly 60% of the total volumes recorded through the LEMIS dataset.

scholarly journals When one code = 2,300 species: Expanding our understanding of the trade in aquatic marine wildlife

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L Rhyne ◽  
Michael F Tlusty ◽  
Joseph Szczebak ◽  
Robert J Holmberg
Keyword(s):  
Marine Fish ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
The Us ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Aquarium Hobby

The trade of marine ornamental animals for home and public aquariums has grown into a major global industry. Since the 1990s, the aquarium hobby has shifted focus from fish to miniature reef ecosystems. Millions of marine fish and invertebrates are removed from coral reefs and associated habitats each year, and the majority are imported into the United States, with the remainder imported by Europe, Japan, and a handful of other countries. This shift in aquarium complexity demands increases in not only the volume but also the diversity of species harvested by collectors, who now must supply the trade with species sought for both aesthetics as well as ecosystem services (e.g., species that benefit the life support services of aquariums). Despite the recent growth and diversification of the aquarium trade, to date, data collection is not mandatory, and hence comprehensive information on species volume or diversity is wanting. The lack of this information makes it impossible to study trade pathways. Without species-specific volume and diversity data, it is unclear how importing and exporting governments can oversee this industry effectively. It is also unclear how sustainability should be encouraged given the paucity of data. To expand our knowledge and understanding of this trade, and to be able to effectively communicate this new understanding, we introduce the Marine Aquarium Biodiversity and Trade Flow online database (https://www.aquariumtradedata.org/). This tool was created as a means to assess the volume and diversity of marine fishes and/or invertebrates imported into the US over four years (2005, 2008, 2009, and 2011) and one month of additional data in 2000. It is available online for perusal by the public which will help communicate this new understanding in the trade of aquatic wildlife. To create this online tool, invoices pertaining to shipments of live marine fish and invertebrates were scanned and analyzed for species name, quantity, country of origin, and city of import destination. The results for October 2000 as well as the year between June 2004 and May 2005 have been published (Rhyne et al. 2012, http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0035808; Balboa 2003). Here we focus on the later three years of data and also produce an estimate of fish to create complete calendar years for 2000, 2004, and 2005. The three-year aggregate totals indicate that just under 2,300 fish and 725 invertebrate species were imported into the US, even though each year, just shy of 1,800 fish and 550 invertebrate species were traded. Overall, the total number of live marine animals decreased between 2008 and 2011. In 2008, 2009, and 2011, the total number of individual fish (8.2, 7.3, and 6.9 million) and invertebrates (4.2, 3.7, and 3.6 million) assessed by analyzing the invoice data are roughly 60% of the total volumes recorded through the LEMIS dataset.

scholarly journals Expanding our understanding of the trade in marine aquarium animals

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e2949 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Rhyne ◽  
Michael F. Tlusty ◽  
Joseph T. Szczebak ◽  
Robert J. Holmberg
Keyword(s):  
Trade Flow ◽  
The United States ◽  
Marine Fishes ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Global Industry ◽  
Invertebrate Species ◽  
Individual Fish ◽  
The Us ◽  
Species Specific

The trade of live marine animals for home and public aquaria has grown into a major global industry. Millions of marine fishes and invertebrates are removed from coral reefs and associated habitats each year. The majority are imported into the United States, with the remainder sent to Europe, Japan, and a handful of other countries. Despite the recent growth and diversification of the aquarium trade, to date, data collection is not mandatory, and hence comprehensive information on species volume and diversity is lacking. This lack of information makes it impossible to study trade pathways. Without species-specific volume and diversity data, it is unclear how importing and exporting governments can oversee this industry effectively or how sustainability should be encouraged. To expand our knowledge and understanding of the trade, and to effectively communicate this new understanding, we introduce the publically-available Marine Aquarium Biodiversity and Trade Flow online database (https://www.aquariumtradedata.org/). This tool was created to communicate the volume and diversity of marine fishes and/or invertebrates imported into the US over three complete years (2008, 2009, and 2011) and three partial years (2000, 2004, 2005). To create this tool, invoices pertaining to shipments of live marine fishes and invertebrates were scanned and analyzed for species name, species quantities, country of origin, port of entry, and city of import destination. Here we focus on the analysis of the later three years of data and also produce an estimate for the entirety of 2000, 2004, and 2005. The three-year aggregate totals (2008, 2009, 2011) indicate that just under 2,300 fish and 725 invertebrate species were imported into the US cumulatively, although just under 1,800 fish and 550 invertebrate species were traded annually. Overall, the total number of live marine animals decreased between 2008 and 2011. In 2008, 2009, and 2011, the total number of individual fish (8.2, 7.3, and 6.9 million individuals) and invertebrates (4.2, 3.7, and 3.6 million individuals) assessed by analyzing the invoice data are roughly 60% of the total volumes recorded through the Law Enforcement Management Information System (LEMIS) dataset. Using these complete years, we back-calculated the number of individuals of both fishes and invertebrates imported in 2000, 2004, and 2005. These estimates (9.3, 10.8, and 11.2 million individual fish per year) were consistent with the three years of complete data. We also use these data to understand the global trade in two species (Banggai cardinalfish,Pterapogon kauderni, and orange clownfish,Amphiprion ocellaris/percula) recently considered for Endangered Species Act listing. Aquariumtradedata.org can help create more effective management plans for the traded species, and ideally could be implemented at key trade ports to better assess the global trade of aquatic wildlife.

scholarly journals Trade Impacts Of The Us Anti-Dumping Actions: A Case Study Of Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (04) ◽  
pp. 111-117
Author(s):  
Lan Anh Le ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Flow ◽  
Product Market ◽  
The United States ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Foreign Competitors

Anti-dumping is among of the important trade protection measures that imported countries use against oversea enterprises. The United States is considered one of the most countries use anti-dumping measures to protect the domestic product market from the foreign competitors exporting identical or similar products into the US market. Vietnam’s exporters also have to face the US anti-dumping investigations, becoming a barrier to the favorable trade flow from Vietnam to the United States. This article uses the data on trade between the US and Vietnam for many years to takes a close look at the importance of promoting and developing bilateral trade between the two countries; as well as point out the remarkable changes of Vietnam’s export to the US before and after initiating anti-dumping investigations. Based on the importance of bilateral trade cooporation and the impacts of the US anti-dumping actions to Vietnam’s export, this article gives several implications to Vietnamese exporters to avoid the US antidumping investigations.

scholarly journals Aquaculture applications of the Family Blenniidae

EDIS ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse Von Linden ◽  
Joshua T. Patterson ◽  
Cortney L. Ohs ◽  
Matt DiMaggio
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
The United States ◽  
Ornamental Fish ◽  
Culture Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Us ◽  
Active Nature ◽  
Aquarium Hobby

Marine ornamental fish production is still in its infancy compared with its freshwater ornamental counterpart. With ~1,800 wild caught fish species imported into the US each year, there is clear need for the expansion of marine ornamental production to include new species and families of fish. Distinct behavior and a wide range of colors makes blennies a popular choice in the aquarium hobby. These hardy fish are small and rarely aggressive to other reef species making them great for beginning aquarists, or fishes that can be added to an established reef community. The Blenniidae family is particularly common in the reef keeping community not only for their active nature, but also for their substrate cleaning and algae eating abilities.  According to a 2012 report on marine ornamental fish, the family Blenniidae is 11th most imported group into the United States by volume with over 75 distinct species being traded (Rhyne et al. 2012).  Due to this popularity many species of blennies are currently cultured and sold worldwide, with additional research underway to bring new species to market. A summary document highlighting culture protocols for members of the Blenniidae family is lacking and would provide valuable information to potential producers as well as the general public. This publication briefly covers: description and taxonomy, natural history, culture techniques, as well as diseases and marketing ornamental Blennids.

Relation of Statistically Significant, Abnormal, and Typical WAIS-R VIQ-PIQ Discrepancies to Full Scale IQs

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis M. Hsu ◽  
Judy Hayman ◽  
Judith Koch ◽  
Debbie Mandell
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
True Score ◽  
Absolute Value ◽  
Normative Population ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Quadratic Models

Summary: In the United States' normative population for the WAIS-R, differences (Ds) between persons' verbal and performance IQs (VIQs and PIQs) tend to increase with an increase in full scale IQs (FSIQs). This suggests that norm-referenced interpretations of Ds should take FSIQs into account. Two new graphs are presented to facilitate this type of interpretation. One of these graphs estimates the mean of absolute values of D (called typical D) at each FSIQ level of the US normative population. The other graph estimates the absolute value of D that is exceeded only 5% of the time (called abnormal D) at each FSIQ level of this population. A graph for the identification of conventional “statistically significant Ds” (also called “reliable Ds”) is also presented. A reliable D is defined in the context of classical true score theory as an absolute D that is unlikely (p < .05) to be exceeded by a person whose true VIQ and PIQ are equal. As conventionally defined reliable Ds do not depend on the FSIQ. The graphs of typical and abnormal Ds are based on quadratic models of the relation of sizes of Ds to FSIQs. These models are generalizations of models described in Hsu (1996) . The new graphical method of identifying Abnormal Ds is compared to the conventional Payne-Jones method of identifying these Ds. Implications of the three juxtaposed graphs for the interpretation of VIQ-PIQ differences are discussed.

The Politics of Prophecy: The US Culture Wars and the Battle Over Public Education in the Left Behind Series for Kids

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Ann Abate Michelle
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culture Wars ◽  
Church History ◽  
Good News ◽  
Cultural Issues ◽  
School Prayer ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Religious Books ◽  
The Us

This essay argues that in spite of their obvious Biblically-based subject matter, clear Christian content, and undeniable evangelical perspective, the Left Behind novels for kids are not simply religious books; they are also political ones. Co-authors Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins may claim that their narratives are interested in sharing the good news about Jesus for the sake of the future, but they are equally concerned with offering commentary on contentious US cultural issues in the present. Given the books’ adolescent readership, they are especially preoccupied with the ongoing conservative crusade concerning school prayer. As advocates for this issue, LaHaye and Jenkins make use of a potent blend of current socio-political arguments and of past events in evangelical church history: namely, the American Sunday School Movement (ASSM). These free, open-access Sabbath schools became the model for the public education system in the United States. In drawing on this history, the Left Behind series suggests that the ASSM provides an important precedent for the presence not simply of Christianity in the nation's public school system, but of evangelical faith in particular.

The United States and the Iranian Nuclear Programme

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hurst
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nixon Administration ◽  
Comprehensive Plan ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nuclear Issue ◽  
The Relationship

The United States, Iran and the Bomb provides the first comprehensive analysis of the US-Iranian nuclear relationship from its origins through to the signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015. Starting with the Nixon administration in the 1970s, it analyses the policies of successive US administrations toward the Iranian nuclear programme. Emphasizing the centrality of domestic politics to decision-making on both sides, it offers both an explanation of the evolution of the relationship and a critique of successive US administrations' efforts to halt the Iranian nuclear programme, with neither coercive measures nor inducements effectively applied. The book further argues that factional politics inside Iran played a crucial role in Iranian nuclear decision-making and that American policy tended to reinforce the position of Iranian hardliners and undermine that of those who were prepared to compromise on the nuclear issue. In the final chapter it demonstrates how President Obama's alterations to American strategy, accompanied by shifts in Iranian domestic politics, finally brought about the signing of the JCPOA in 2015.

‘To see oursels as ithers see us’: Reflections on Scottish Independence from the United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euan Hague ◽  
Alan Mackie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Us ◽  
Scottish Independence ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Scottish Diaspora

The United States media have given rather little attention to the question of the Scottish referendum despite important economic, political and military links between the US and the UK/Scotland. For some in the US a ‘no’ vote would be greeted with relief given these ties: for others, a ‘yes’ vote would be acclaimed as an underdog escaping England's imperium, a narrative clearly echoing America's own founding story. This article explores commentary in the US press and media as well as reporting evidence from on-going interviews with the Scottish diaspora in the US. It concludes that there is as complex a picture of the 2014 referendum in the United States as there is in Scotland.

Palestine Unbound

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-134
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Task Force ◽  
The United States ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
Tel Aviv ◽  
The Us ◽  
Intention To Move ◽  
Arab Israeli Conflict ◽  
The U.S

This section, updated regularly on the blog Palestine Square, covers popular conversations related to the Palestinians and the Arab-Israeli conflict during the quarter 16 November 2017 to 15 February 2018: #JerusalemIstheCapitalofPalestine went viral after U.S. president Donald Trump recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and announced his intention to move the U.S. embassy there from Tel Aviv. The arrest of Palestinian teenager Ahed Tamimi for slapping an Israeli soldier also prompted a viral campaign under the hashtag #FreeAhed. A smaller campaign protested the exclusion of Palestinian human rights from the agenda of the annual Creating Change conference organized by the US-based National LGBTQ Task Force in Washington. And, UNRWA publicized its emergency funding appeal, following the decision of the United States to slash funding to the organization, with the hashtag #DignityIsPriceless.

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