scholarly journals Sex differences in object manipulation in wild immature chimpanzees and bonobos: Preparation for tool use?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathelijne Koops ◽  
Takeshi Furuichi ◽  
Chie Hashimoto ◽  
Carel P. van Schaik
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Object Manipulation ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Object Play

Sex differences in immatures predict behavioral differences in adulthood in many mammal species. Because most studies have focused on sex differences in social interactions, little is known about possible sex differences in ‘preparation’ for adult life with regards to tool use skills. We investigated sex and age differences in object manipulation in immature apes. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) use a variety of tools across numerous contexts, whereas bonobos (Pan paniscus) use few tools and none in foraging. In both species, a female bias in adult tool use has been reported. We studied object manipulation in immature chimpanzees at Kalinzu (Uganda) and bonobos at Wamba (Democratic Republic of Congo). We confirmed that chimpanzees showed higher rates and more diverse types of object manipulation than bonobos. Against expectation, male chimpanzees showed higher object manipulation rates than females, whereas in bonobos no sex difference was found. However, object manipulation by male chimpanzees was play-domi nated, whereas manipulation types of female chimpanzees were more diverse. Manipulation by young immatures (<3 years old) of both species was similarly dominated by play, but only in chimpanzees did it become more diverse with age. In chimpanzees, object types became more tool-like (i.e. sticks) with age, further suggesting preparation for tool use in adulthood (i.e. ant-dipping). The male bias in object manipulation in immature chimpanzees, along with the late onset of tool-like object manipulation, indicates that not all (early) object manipulation in immatures prepares for subsistence tool use. Object play may also function in motor skill practice for male-specific behaviors like dominance displays.

scholarly journals Sex differences in object manipulation in wild immature chimpanzees and bonobos: Preparation for tool use?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathelijne Koops ◽  
Takeshi Furuichi ◽  
Chie Hashimoto ◽  
Carel P. van Schaik
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Object Manipulation ◽  
Behavioral Differences ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Object Play

Sex differences in immatures predict behavioral differences in adulthood in many mammal species. Because most studies have focused on sex differences in social interactions, little is known about possible sex differences in ‘preparation’ for adult life with regards to tool use skills. We investigated sex and age differences in object manipulation in immature apes. Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) use a variety of tools across numerous contexts, whereas bonobos (Pan paniscus) use few tools and none in foraging. In both species, a female bias in adult tool use has been reported. We studied object manipulation in immature chimpanzees at Kalinzu (Uganda) and bonobos at Wamba (Democratic Republic of Congo). We confirmed that chimpanzees showed higher rates and more diverse types of object manipulation than bonobos. Against expectation, male chimpanzees showed higher object manipulation rates than females, whereas in bonobos no sex difference was found. However, object manipulation by male chimpanzees was play-domi nated, whereas manipulation types of female chimpanzees were more diverse. Manipulation by young immatures (<3 years old) of both species was similarly dominated by play, but only in chimpanzees did it become more diverse with age. In chimpanzees, object types became more tool-like (i.e. sticks) with age, further suggesting preparation for tool use in adulthood (i.e. ant-dipping). The male bias in object manipulation in immature chimpanzees, along with the late onset of tool-like object manipulation, indicates that not all (early) object manipulation in immatures prepares for subsistence tool use. Object play may also function in motor skill practice for male-specific behaviors like dominance displays.

Sex differences in tool use acquisition in bonobos (Pan paniscus)

2013 ◽  
Vol 75 (9) ◽  
pp. 917-926 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaree J. Boose ◽  
Frances J. White ◽  
Audra Meinelt
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Tool Use ◽  
Pan Paniscus

Sex differences in the neurotic reaction of the aged

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (S2) ◽  
pp. 137-145
Author(s):  
K. Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Physical Disability ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Variables ◽  
The Relationship

SummarySex differences in psychiatric illness in earlier adult life are discussed. A random sample of elderly respondents were seen in their homes in order to examine neurotic reactions in the aged.The relationship between neurotic symptoms, physical health, social data and sex were ascertained for the population as a whole.Normal and late onset neurosis sub-groups were compared with regard to selected medical, psychiatric and social variables considered to have a bearing on neurotic reaction in the elderly. The variables discriminating best between ‘neurosis’ and normality were abnormal personality traits, physical ill-health and being female.In the absence of any marked physical disability, being female was among the highest discriminators between the normal and neurotic groups. In the physically ill group, neither sex was more significantly represented than the other. Social factors were examined to explain the continuing preponderance of females in the late-onset neurotic group, but it was felt that they did not fully explain the differences observed.

Geospatial information informs bonobo conservation efforts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Nackoney ◽  
Jena Hickey ◽  
David Williams ◽  
Charly Facheux ◽  
Takeshi Furuichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Democratic Republic Of Congo ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Geospatial Information ◽  
République Démocratique Du Congo ◽  
Nous Montrons ◽  
Dynamic Conservation

The endangered bonobo (Pan paniscus), endemic to the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), is threatened by hunting and habitat loss. Two recent wars and ongoing conflicts in the DRC greatly challenge conservation efforts. This chapter demonstrates how spatial data and maps are used for monitoring threats and prioritizing locations to safeguard bonobo habitat, including identifying areas of highest conservation value to bonobos and collaboratively mapping community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) zones for reducing deforestation in key corridor areas. We also highlight the development of a range-wide model that analysed a variety of biotic and abiotic variables in conjunction with bonobo nest data to map suitable habitat. Approximately 28 per cent of the range was predicted suitable; of that, about 27.5 per cent was located in official protected areas. These examples highlight the importance of employing spatial data and models to support the development of dynamic conservation strategies that will help strengthen bonobo protection. Le bonobo en voie de disparition (Pan paniscus), endémique à la République Démocratique du Congo (DRC), est menacé par la chasse et la perte de l’habitat. Deux guerres récentes et les conflits en cours dans le DRC menacent les efforts de conservation. Ici, nous montrons comment les données spatiales et les cartes sont utilisées pour surveiller les menaces et prioriser les espaces pour protéger l’habitat bonobo, inclut identifier les zones de plus haute valeur de conservation aux bonobos. En plus, la déforestation est réduite par une cartographie collaborative communale de gestion de ressources dans les zones de couloirs essentiels. Nous soulignons le développement d’un modèle de toute la gamme qui a analysé un variété de variables biotiques et abiotiques en conjonction avec les données de nid bonobo pour tracer la carte d’un habitat adéquat. Environ 28 per cent de la gamme est prédit adéquat; de cela, environ 27.5 per cent est dans une zone officiellement protégée. Ces exemples soulignent l’importance d’utiliser les données spatiales et les modèles pour soutenir le développement de stratégies de conservations dynamiques qui aideront à renforcer la protection des bonobos.

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