scholarly journals Curculio Curculis lupus: biology, behavior and morphology of immatures of the cannibal weevil Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno A S de Medeiros ◽  
Daniela C Bená ◽  
Sergio A Vanin
Keyword(s):  
Instar Larva ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The One ◽  
Plant Feeders ◽  
New Synonymy

Weevils are one of the largest groups of living organisms, with more than 60,000 species feeding mostly on plants. With only one exception, their described larvae are typical plant-feeders, with mouthparts adapted to chewing plant material. Here we describe the second case of a weevil with early-instar larvae adapted to killing conspecifics. We have studied the life history of Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943, a species whose immatures feed internally on palm flowers and fruits. We provide detailed descriptions of all immature stages, including the extremely modified first-instar larva. Unlike other weevils and later instars, this stage exhibits a flat body with very long ventropedal lobe setae, a large and prognathous head with a gula, and falciform mandibles, each with a serrate retinaculum, that are used to fight with and eventually kill other first-instar larvae. We also provide biological notes on all stages and the results of behavioral tests that showed that larval aggression occurs only among early life stages. Finally we show that adult size is highly dependent on timing of oviposition. This specialized killer first instar probably evolved independently from the one other case known in weevils (in Revena rubiginosa). Interestingly, both lineages inhabit the same hosts, raising the possibility that both intra- and inter-specific competition shaped those phenotypes. Given the scarcity of knowledge on early larval stages of concealed insect herbivores, it is possible that our findings represent an instance of a much broader phenomenon. Our observations also allowed us to conclude that Anchylorhynchus eriospathae and A. hatschbachi G. G. Bondar, 1943 are actually the same species, which we synonymize here by considering the latter as a junior synonym (new synonymy).

scholarly journals Curculio Curculis lupus: biology, behavior and morphology of immatures of the cannibal weevil Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno A S de Medeiros ◽  
Daniela C Bená ◽  
Sergio A Vanin
Keyword(s):  
Instar Larva ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The One ◽  
Plant Feeders ◽  
New Synonymy

Weevils are one of the largest groups of living organisms, with more than 60,000 species feeding mostly on plants. With only one exception, their described larvae are typical plant-feeders, with mouthparts adapted to chewing plant material. Here we describe the second case of a weevil with early-instar larvae adapted to killing conspecifics. We have studied the life history of Anchylorhynchus eriospathae G. G. Bondar, 1943, a species whose immatures feed internally on palm flowers and fruits. We provide detailed descriptions of all immature stages, including the extremely modified first-instar larva. Unlike other weevils and later instars, this stage exhibits a flat body with very long ventropedal lobe setae, a large and prognathous head with a gula, and falciform mandibles, each with a serrate retinaculum, that are used to fight with and eventually kill other first-instar larvae. We also provide biological notes on all stages and the results of behavioral tests that showed that larval aggression occurs only among early life stages. Finally we show that adult size is highly dependent on timing of oviposition. This specialized killer first instar probably evolved independently from the one other case known in weevils (in Revena rubiginosa). Interestingly, both lineages inhabit the same hosts, raising the possibility that both intra- and inter-specific competition shaped those phenotypes. Given the scarcity of knowledge on early larval stages of concealed insect herbivores, it is possible that our findings represent an instance of a much broader phenomenon. Our observations also allowed us to conclude that Anchylorhynchus eriospathae and A. hatschbachi G. G. Bondar, 1943 are actually the same species, which we synonymize here by considering the latter as a junior synonym (new synonymy).

The reproductive life history of the predacious, sand-burrowing mayfly Dolania americana (Ephemeroptera: Behningiidae) and comparisons with other mayflies

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1083-1093 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Fink ◽  
Tomás Soldán ◽  
Janice G. Peters ◽  
William L. Peters
Keyword(s):  
Linear Growth ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Abdominal Muscle ◽  
Large Size ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Reproductive Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Instar ◽  
Oocyte Resorption

Oogenesis in Dolania is unique among Ephemeroptera, with one oocyte developing per ovariole, low numbers of ovarioles, and routine resorption of one-third to one-half of ovarioles. Fecundity is 20 times smaller than in mayflies from other families, and mature egg dry weight is approximately 32 times the values of non-Behningiidae mayflies. Seventy percent of the linear growth of maturing oocytes occurs in a 2- to 3-week period during the late penultimate to early final larval stadia. The gut does not atrophy fully, and nonmaturing oocytes remain small and are not resorbed until the other oocytes reach maturity. Thus, resorbing oocytes are probably not an important energy source for the maturing oocytes. Starvation can further reduce Dolania fecundity from a normal 100 eggs to 6. Limited oocyte resorption appears common in mayflies. Callibaetis ferrugineus female imagos, which are ovoviviparous, resorb much of their abdominal muscle. Some ovulation and even egg development may occur in the adult stage of many oviparous species. The thick chorion and thick, sticky fibrous suprachorionic layer of Dolania's egg probably resist damage from sand and fungi for nearly 1 year in a coarse rolling sand habitat. The large egg produces a well-developed first-instar larva 2.5–5 times the length of any other mayfly first instar. The reproductive strategy of Dolania and Behningia, unlike that of other mayflies, is to produce large eggs and thereby large predatory early-instar larvae capable of exploiting a large size range of prey.

The Biology and economic Importance of Alomya debellator (F.), a remarkable Parasite of the Swift Moth, Hepialus lupulinus (L.)

1950 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ewen Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Systematic Position ◽  
Economic Importance ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Diagnostic Characteristics ◽  
History Of

While investigating the biological control of certain Hepialids, a very interesting Ichneumonid parasite, Alomya debellator (F.) was reared from the pupae of the Swift Moth, Hepialus lupulinus (L.).The systematic position of this parasite has been thoroughly investigated and the members of the special sub-family, Metopiinae, to which it has been assigned, are characterised by the possession of only one trochanter on each foreleg. A. debellator is the sole representative of the tribe Alomyini.After extensive collecting, and a thorough search of the literature, the conclusion has been reached that the distribution of this parasite is fairly local, but its range in Great Britain and certain other European countries is wide. As a result of the present study H. lupulinus has been definitely proved to be the host of A. debellator.A fairly full account of the life-history of the parasite has been worked out, and amongst other things, a point of special interest is the arrest in development which occurs in the first-instar larva. Possible explanations of this phenomenon are discussed.The morphological and anatomical structure of the larva have been fully investigated and described, and useful diagnostic characteristics both for the primary and mature larval stages, have been discovered.The paper concludes with a discussion on the potential value of A. debellator as a factor in the control of H. lupulinus, and other allied species belonging to the genus Oncopera in Australia. It is maintained, on the evidence collected, that this parasite in some areas is probably the most important single factor of biological control. A note on the feeding habits of Hepialids, and a few remarks about the collecting of parasitised material are appended. Altogether some 7,000 specimens of H. lupulinus larvae and pupae many of which were parasitised by A. debellator were collected from the Willingham area of Cambridgeshire.

Revision of the Neotropical genus Sturmiodexia Townsend, 1919 (Diptera: Tachinidae), with a new synonymy and combinations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Marcelo Domingos de Santis
Keyword(s):  
Instar Larva ◽  
New Combinations ◽  
Monotypic Genus ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
First Instar ◽  
New Synonymy ◽  
First Time

Abstract The monotypic genus Sturmiodexia Townsend, 1919 is a poorly known Neotropical taxon. Herein a new generic synonymy is proposed for this genus: Platyrrhinodexia Townsend, 1927 syn. nov. Two new combinations are assigned for Sturmiodexia: S. moyobambensis (Townsend, 1929) comb nov. and S. punctulata (Townsend, 1927) comb nov. Redescriptions were done for S. punctulata, S. rubescens Townsend 1919 and S. muscaria (Walker 1853). With these new propositions, Sturmiodexia is left with four species. In addition, the male and female terminalia, and the first instar larva, are described and illustrated for the first time for S. punctulata. Finally, a diagnose for Sturmiodexia and a key to all species is given.

Biology and morphology of immature stages of Meteorus trachynotus Vier. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1000-1004 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Thireau ◽  
J. Régnière ◽  
C. Cloutier
Keyword(s):  
Average Duration ◽  
Choristoneura Fumiferana ◽  
Pupal Stage ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Head Region ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Immature Development ◽  
First Time

The immature stages of Meteorus trachynotus Vier., developing in larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), are described. The egg of M. trachynotus is of the stalked type. There are three larval stages. The first instar has a caudal appendage which stops growing in the second instar and is lost when the larva exits from the host in the third instar. Only the first and third instars have sclerotized structures. The head region of the first instar bears a pair of hooklike appendages which are described for the first time. Cephalic sclerites of the last instar larva of other species of Meteorus are compared with those of M. trachynotus. The average duration of immature development at 23 °C was 18 days, the egg stage lasted 3 days, the first, second, and third instars lasted 5, 2.5, and 2.5 days, respectively, and the pupal stage lasted 5 days.

Observations on the biology of Caraphractus cinctus Walker (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), a parasitoid of the eggs of Dytiscidae (Coleoptera). 2. Immature stages and seasonal history with a review of Mymarid larvae

Parasitology ◽  
1961 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 269-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothy J. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Single Cells ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Host Larva ◽  
Immature Stages ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Commonwealth Institute ◽  
Last Stage ◽  
Host Embryo ◽  
Seasonal History

The immature stages of Caraphractus cinctus Walker are described.Four larval stages have been observed which may correspond to three or four instars. In no stage have mandibles been observed.The first-instar larva is elongated and active. In the second-instar oral lobes are present. In the next stage the larva becomes shapeless and rather transparent. In the last stage the wall of the mid-gut shows conspicuous opaque spots which consist of single cells containing spherical concretions, probably the products of excretion.These concretions later become free in the gut of the pupa and are discharged in the meconium when the imago emerges from the host egg.The effects of parasitism on the host eggs of different ages is discussed. In newly laid host eggs all the contents are consumed by the parasitic larvae. In advanced eggs of Agabus the egg of Caraphractus is laid in the mid-gut of the host embryo where the parasitic larva develops, the hard parts of the host larva remaining intact. Parasitism in advanced eggs of Dytiscus is rarely successful.The larvae of other Mymaridae are discussed and their main features compared. The first-instar larva of Caraphractus does not correspond to any of the previously described types of mymarid larvae.The seasonal history is described, with the sequence of hosts parasitized throughout the year. From four to six generations of Caraphractus have been bred indoors during the year. The winter is passed as a diapausing prepupa. In some cases diapause may be prolonged. Fertility is high: 121 imagines have been bred from one female of Caraphractus.I have much pleasure in acknowledging my gratitude to the late Dr W. D. Hincks for his kindness in reading the typescript of this paper: the comments by such a well-known authority on Mymaridae have been most valuable. I am very grateful to Mr O. Bakkendorf for allowing me to reproduce several of his figures of Mymarid larvae from the valuable work he devoted to the biology of Danish hymenopterous egg-parasites. I am also grateful to Miss B. A. Trott of the Commonwealth Institute of Entomology for the help she has so kindly given me with references.

scholarly journals Search for MHC/TCR-Like Systems in Living Organisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julien Paganini ◽  
Pierre Pontarotti
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Functional Categories ◽  
Polymorphic Loci ◽  
Competition Mechanism ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Self Recognition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mhc Polymorphism ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
The One

Highly polymorphic loci evolved many times over the history of species. These polymorphic loci are involved in three types of functions: kind recognition, self-incompatibility, and the jawed vertebrate adaptive immune system (AIS). In the first part of this perspective, we reanalyzed and described some cases of polymorphic loci reported in the literature. There is a convergent evolution within each functional category and between functional categories, suggesting that the emergence of these self/non-self recognition loci has occurred multiple times throughout the evolutionary history. Most of the highly polymorphic loci are coding for proteins that have a homophilic interaction or heterophilic interaction between linked loci, leading to self or non-self-recognition. The highly polymorphic MHCs, which are involved in the AIS have a different functional mechanism, as they interact through presented self or non-self-peptides with T cell receptors, whose diversity is generated by somatic recombination. Here we propose a mechanism called “the capacity of recognition competition mechanism” that might contribute to the evolution of MHC polymorphism. We propose that the published cases corresponding to these three biological categories represent a small part of what can be found throughout the tree of life, and that similar mechanisms will be found many times, including the one where polymorphic loci interact with somatically generated loci.

LIFE HISTORY OF PLUTELLA PORRECTELLA, A RELATIVE OF THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH, PLUTELLA XYLOSTELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: PLUTELLIDAE)

1984 ◽  
Vol 116 (7) ◽  
pp. 913-917 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. B. Smith ◽  
M. K. Sears
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Plutella Xylostella ◽  
Diamondback Moth ◽  
Parasitic Wasp ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Apical Buds ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Instar

AbstractAlthough Plutella porrectella (L.) is similar in appearance to the diamondback moth, P. xylostella (L.), several aspects of its biology are quite different from its more common relative. P. porrectella completed two generations per year and overwintered as an early-instar larva within apical buds of dame's rocket, Hesperis matronalis (L.). Four instars were observed in larvae reared in the laboratory. An average of 30 days was required for completion of one generation at 25 °C. This species does not seem to be an alternative host for parasites of the diamondback moth as only a single parasitic wasp, Itoplectis conquisitor (Say), was reared from 228 larvae collected in the field.

The insect Parasites of the Carrot Fly, Psila rosae, Fab.

1947 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 507-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Wright ◽  
Q. A. Geering ◽  
D. G. Ashby
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Rare Occurrence ◽  
Psila Rosae ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
First Instar ◽  
Carrot Fly ◽  
Insect Parasites ◽  
Host Relations

Four insect parasites of the carrot fly have been encountered and of these three have been identified as Dacnusa gracilis, Loxotropa tritoma, and Aleochara sparsa. The fourth is a member of the genus Kleidotoma, species not yet ascertained.The life-history, development and host relations of D. gracilis and L. tritoma are given together with data on their distribution and range of parasitism.L. tritoma also occurs as a hyperparasite of D. gracilis but this appears to be quite fortuitous.Experimental evidence is brought forward to show that the first instar larva of L. tritoma goes into a diapause in early July, that a period at a low temperature is necessary to break this and hence development is only completed in the following spring.A description is given of the three larval stages of A. sparsa.Brief reference is made to the Kleidotoma sp. which appears to be of rare occurrence.

LABORATORY STUDIES ON PERISTENUS PALLIPES AND P. PSEUDOPALLIPES (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), PARASITOIDS OF THE TARNISHED PLANT BUG, LYGUS LINEOLARIS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)

1976 ◽  
Vol 108 (8) ◽  
pp. 815-821 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. P. Lim ◽  
R. K. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Larval Stage ◽  
Instar Larva ◽  
Lygus Lineolaris ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Tarnished Plant Bug ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
The Third ◽  
First Instar

AbstractDevelopment of P. pallipes, from egg to emerged larva, in the tarnished plant bug lasts 24.49 ± 2.38 days at 25 °C/16 h and 20 °C/8 h and 77 ± 5% R.H. with 16 h illumination.Eggs of P. pseudopallipes need 72–96 h to hatch under the above-cited regime. At least three distinct larval stages can be recognized without special staining procedures. The first instar larva is a caudate-mandibulate type. The second larval stage is acaudate and lives in the host haemocoele. The third larval stage is also acaudate and emerges from the host. The pupa is an exarate type diapausing in a cocoon. P. pseudopallipes is an arrhenotokous species. The longevity of the adults in the laboratory is about 16 days. The adult oviposits into the host abdomen.Survival of diapausing pupae is better at 16 h photophase than at 8 h photophase.

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