scholarly journals Methodology for Evaluating Effectiveness of In-vehicle Pedestrian Warning Systems Using a Driving Simulator

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-118
Author(s):  
Ji Yong Jang ◽  
Cheol Oh
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Warning Systems

Examining Speech-Based Auditory Alerts for Intersection Collision Warning Systems using a Driving Simulator

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1939-1943
Author(s):  
West M. O’Brien ◽  
Xingwei Wu ◽  
Linda Ng Boyle
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Safety Hazards ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
Potential Safety ◽  
Auditory Alerts ◽  
Forward Collision Warning ◽  
Collision Warning Systems

Collision warning systems alert drivers of potential safety hazards. Forward collision warning (FCW) systems have been widely implemented and studied. However, intersection collision warning systems (ICWS), such as intersection movement assist (IMA), are more complex. Additional studies are needed to identify the best alert for directing the driver toward the hazard. A driving simulator study with 48 participants was conducted to examine three speech-based auditory alerts (general, directional, and command) in a simulated red light running (RLR) collision scenario. The command alert that informed the drivers to brake was the most effective in reducing the number of collisions. The post-drive questionnaire showed that drivers also rated the brake alert to be best in terms of interpretation (based on the Kruskal Wallis test). This study provides insight into the performance of different types of speech-based alerts for an intersection collision warning system and can provide guidance for future studies.

Effects of Warning Characteristics on Driver Performance in Connected Vehicle Systems with Missing Warnings

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 1827-1827
Author(s):  
Yiqi Zhang ◽  
Changxu Wu ◽  
Chunming Qiao ◽  
Yunfei Hou
Keyword(s):  
Lead Time ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Connected Vehicle ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Collision Rate ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Vehicle Systems ◽  
The Impact

The connected vehicle systems (CVS) aim to provide drivers with information in a timely and reliable way to improve transportation safety. With the emerging wireless communication technologies, the vehicles will be equipped with the ability to communicate with each other about the surrounding traffic situations by exchanging vehicle status and motion data via Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) network (Kenney, 2011). With the assistance of the cooperative collision warnings, the impact of designed warning parameters on driver performance is increasingly important. Existing empirical studies have studied the warning timing and warning reliability in determining the effectiveness of the collision warning systems in advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS). In terms of warning timing, the studies in reached consistent conclusions that early warnings induced more timely braking and longer braking process, resulted in higher trust of the warning systems, and reduced collision rates (for example, Abe & Richardson, 2006a; Lee, McGehee, Brown, & Reyes, 2002; Yan, Xue, Ma, & Xu, 2014; Yan, Zhang, & Ma, 2015; Wan, Wu, and Zhang, 2016). In terms of the warning reliability, research has shown that warnings with a higher reliability increased driver’s trust of the warning systems, led to higher frequency in warning responses, and reduced crash rates (for example, Abe, Itoh, & Yamamura, 2009; Bliss & Acton, 2003; Maltz & Shinar, 2007; Sullivan, Tsimhoni, & Bogard, 2008). However, the interaction effects of warning lead time and warning reliability on driver performance was not examined especially under the connected vehicle settings. The current research investigated the interaction effects of warning lead time (2.5s vs. 4.5s), warning reliability (73% vs. 89%), and speech warning style (command vs. notification) on driver performance and subjective evaluation of warnings in CVS. A driving simulator study with thirty-two participants was conducted to simulate a connected vehicle environment with missing warnings due to the failures in the data transmission within the communication network of the CVS. The results showed command warnings led to a smaller collision rate compared to notification warnings with the warning lead time of 2.5s, whereas notification warnings resulted in a smaller collision rate compared to command warning with the warning lead time of 4.5s. These results suggested notification warnings should be selected when warning lead time is longer and warning reliability is higher, which resulted in higher safety benefits and higher subjective ratings. Command warnings could be selected when warning lead time is shorter since they led to more safety benefits. However, such selection has to be made with caution since command warnings may limit drivers’ response type and were perceived as less helpful than notification warnings.

Left or Right: Auditory Collision Warnings for Driving Assistance Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 1551-1551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edin Sabic ◽  
Jing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Collision Warning ◽  
Time To Collision ◽  
The Road ◽  
Driving Scenario ◽  
Assistance Systems ◽  
The Impact

Assistance driving systems aim to facilitate human behavior and increase safety on the road. These systems comprise common systems such as forward collision warning systems, lane deviation warning systems, and even park assistance systems. Warning systems can communicate with the driver through various modalities, but auditory warnings have the advantage of not further tasking visual resources that are primarily used for driving. Auditory warnings can also be presented from a certain location within the cab environment to be used by the driver as a cue. Beattie, Baillie, Halvey, and McCall (2014) assessed presenting warnings in stereo configuration, coming from one source, and bilateral configuration, panned fully from left or right, and found that drivers felt more in control with lateral warnings than stereo warnings when the car was in self-driving mode. Straughn, Gray, and Tan (2009) examined laterally presented auditory warnings to signal potential collisions. They found that the ideal presentation of warnings in either the avoidance direction, in which the driver should direct the car to avoid a collision, or the collision direction, in which the potential collision is located, was dependent on time to collision. Wang, Proctor, and Pick (2003) applied the stimulus-response compatibility principle to auditory warning design by using a steering wheel in a non-driving scenario and found that a tone presented monaurally in the avoidance-direction led to the fastest steering response. However, the reverse finding occurred when similar experiments utilized a driving simulator in a driving scenario (Straughn et al., 2009; Wang, Pick, Proctor, & Ye, 2007). The present study further investigated how to design spatially presented auditory collision warnings to facilitate drivers’ response to potential collisions. Specifically, tones indicating a pedestrian walking across the road were presented either in the avoidance direction or in the collision direction. The experimental task consisted of monitoring the road for potential collisions and turning the wheel in the appropriate direction to respond. Additionally, time to collision was manipulated to investigate the impact of the timing of the warning and increasing time pressure on the steering response. Time to collision was manipulated by half second intervals from two to four seconds resulting in five different time-to-collision scenarios. Lastly, the effect of individual differences in decision-making styles were also considered by using two decision-making style questionnaires. Results from the experiment showed that the presentation of a collision warning in the collision direction led to faster responses when compared to the warning in the avoidance direction. This result may be due to the collision warning directing the attention of the participant to the location of the threat so that they can more quickly make a response decision. Further, the advantage of avoidance-direction warnings over collision-direction warnings was greater with greater time to collision. Results showed that participant responses to varying time to collision influenced their reaction time. The participants appeared to have not relied solely on the auditory tones, but rather they utilized the warning tones in conjunction with visual information in the environment. These results from this study have implications for improving collision avoidance systems: Presentation of a collision warning in the direction of the collision may be more intuitive to drivers, regardless of time to collision.

scholarly journals Effects of Fog in a Brazilian Road Segment Analyzed by a Driving Simulator for Sustainable Transport: Drivers’ Speed Profile under In-Vehicle Warning Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10501
Author(s):  
Felipe Calsavara ◽  
Felipe Issa Kabbach ◽  
Ana Paula C. Larocca
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Severity Index ◽  
Road Segment ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Speed Profile ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Intelligent Transport Systems ◽  
Intelligent Transport

Intelligent transport systems enable vehicles to communicate with each other and with the environment, ensuring road safety. Their implementation can help reduce the number of accidents, especially in stretches of s-curves, where speed control is essential to ensure the safety of drivers, and under hazardous weather conditions. Such systems promptly notify drivers about potentially dangerous road conditions, such as fog, so that they can better adapt their driving behavior. This study evaluates the driver’s speed profile in different scenarios (clear weather, fog weather, and fog with an in-vehicle fog warning system) considering the road geometry elements (s-curves). A driving simulator recreated the real scenarios of a principal Brazilian road segment, showing the geometric and weather conditions of a road known for its several s-curves and frequent incidence of fog. A preliminary study identified the most critical curves through a weighted severity index methodology to define the critical segment. The results showed drivers considerably reduced their speed in the scenario with a warning system, thus contributing to the safety of s-curved segments. The implementation of in-vehicle warning systems can avoid or reduce the need for major infrastructure interventions such as geometric design, through investments in new intelligent transport systems.

scholarly journals Aging: Older Adults’ Driving Behavior Using Longitudinal and Lateral Warning Systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dustin J. Souders ◽  
Neil Charness ◽  
Nelson A. Roque ◽  
Hellen Pham
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Driving Behavior ◽  
Driving Performance ◽  
Older Drivers ◽  
Critical Event ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Subjective Workload ◽  
Concurrent Use ◽  
Forward Collision Warning

Objective This study assessed older drivers’ driving behavior when using longitudinal and lateral vehicle warning systems together. Background Advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) can benefit drivers of all ages. Previous research with younger to middle-aged samples suggests that safety benefits are not necessarily additive with additional ADAS. Increases in following distance associated with the use of forward collision warning (FCW) decreased when drivers also used lane departure warning (LDW), likely due to attending to the LDW more than the FCW. Method The current study used a driving simulator to provide 128 older drivers experience with FCW and/or LDW system(s) during a ~25-min drive to gauge their usage’s effects on driving performance and subjective workload. Results There were no significant differences found in headway distance between older drivers who used different combinations of FCW and LDW systems, but those who used an FCW system showed significantly longer time-to-collision (TTC) when approaching the critical event than those who did not. Users of LDW systems did not show reductions in standard deviation of lane position. Analyses of subjective workload measures showed no significant differences between conditions. Conclusion Findings suggest that FCW could increase older drivers’ TTC over the course of a drive. Contrary to previous findings in younger samples, concurrent use of FCW and LDW systems did not adversely affect older drivers’ longitudinal driving performance and subjective workload. Application Potential applications of this research include the assessment of older drivers’ use of vehicle warning systems and their effects on subjective workload.

PROPOSAL OF WARNING METHOD FOR REAR-SIDE OBSTACLES USING DRIVER'S PERCEPTUAL RISK MODEL

2009 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 249-256
Author(s):  
AKIHIRO NISHIYAMA ◽  
TAKAHIRO WADA ◽  
SHIGEYOSHI TSUTSUMI ◽  
SHUN'ICHI DOI
Keyword(s):  
Individual Difference ◽  
Traffic Safety ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Rear Side ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Response Behaviors

Warning systems have been proposed to reduce driver cognitive and judgment load as driver systems for traffic safety. The system's efficacy could be decreased if the driver feels annoyance and/or mistrust with inappropriate warning timing, etc. This paper explores the possibility of personalized warning timing to cope with this problem. First, we propose a new warning method for rear-side obstacles using a driver's perceptual risk model that we derived from the analysis of the driver's deceleration behavior. Validity of the warning method will be shown by driving simulator experiments. In addition, there exists individual difference in expectation of meaning of warning. Thus, differences of the efficacy and driver's response behaviors against warning will be analyzed based on the difference of their expectation.

Influence of red-light violation warning systems on driver behavior – a driving simulator study

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-271
Author(s):  
Snehanshu Banerjee ◽  
Mansoureh Jeihani ◽  
Nashid K. Khadem ◽  
Md. Muhib Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Driver Behavior ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Simulator Study

scholarly journals VEHICLE–PEDESTRIAN INTERACTIONS INTO AND OUTSIDE OF CROSSWALKS: EFFECTS OF DRIVER ASSISTANCE SYSTEMS

Transport ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-109
Author(s):  
Francesco Bella ◽  
Manuel Silvestri
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Pedestrian Detection ◽  
Warning Signal ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Driver Assistance ◽  
Driver Assistance Systems ◽  
Speed Reduction ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Assistance Systems ◽  
Auditory Warning

This study aimed to analyse the driver’s behaviour during the interaction with a pedestrian crossing into and outside the zebra crossing, and evaluate the effectiveness of two kinds of Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) that provided to the driver an auditory alert, and a visual alert to detect the pedestrian. 42 participants joined the experiment conducted using the fixed-base driving simulator of the Department of Engineering (Roma Tre University). They experienced different crossing conditions (legal and illegal) and ADAS conditions (no ADAS, visual warning and auditory warning) in an urban scenario. The parameters Time-To-Arrive (TTA) and Speed Reduction Time (SRT) were obtained from the drivers’ speed profiles in the last 150 m in advance of the conflict point with the pedestrian. Results clearly showed the criticality of illegal crossings. When the pedestrian crossed outside of the crosswalk, the highest number of collision occurred and the ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA) returned significant effects on both the dependent variables TTA and SRT, highlighting the higher criticality of the vehicle–pedestrian interaction and the more abrupt yielding manoeuvre. Positive effects (the vehicle–pedestrian interaction was less critical and the yielding manoeuvre was smoother) emerged for both the driver assistance systems, although not statistically significant. Besides, both the driver assistance systems positively affected the behaviour of the average cautious drivers. No significant effects of the warning systems were recorded on the aggressive drivers, which because of their behavioural characteristics ignored the warning alarm. In addition, no significant effects of the warning systems were recorded for the very cautious drivers, which adjusted their behaviour even before the alarm trigger. Finally, the outcomes of the questionnaire submitted to the participants highlighted the clear preference for the auditory warning, probably because of the different physical stimuli that are solicited by the warning signal. The results confirm that adequate pedestrian paths should be planned to avoid jaywalker conditions, which induce the driver to assume critical driving behaviour and provide useful findings of the effectiveness of driver assistance systems for pedestrian detection.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Flashing Brake and Hazard Systems in Avoiding Rear-End Crashes

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 792670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofa Li ◽  
Wenjun Wang ◽  
Shengbo Eben Li ◽  
Bo Cheng ◽  
Paul Green
Keyword(s):  
Driving Simulator ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Brake System ◽  
Warning Systems ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
Vehicle Deceleration ◽  
Lead Vehicle

Three experiments were conducted to examine the effectiveness of two forward crash warning systems, a flashing brake system and a flashing hazard system, using an advanced driving simulator. In Experiment 1, 20 subjects followed a lead vehicle with a desired time gap and braked when necessary. Results showed that time gap, velocity, and deceleration of the lead vehicle all significantly affected drivers’ brake response times. In Experiment 2, six brake response times to a sudden lead vehicle deceleration (0.6 g at 80 km/h) were measured for six time gaps. Results showed that flashing brake system and flashing hazard system reduced drivers' brake response times by 0.14~0.62 s and 0.03~0.95 s, respectively, in the various situations tested. The effects of flashing color and illuminated size on drivers' brake response times were examined in Experiment 3. Results showed that flashing amber lamps reduced drivers' brake response times significantly by 0.11 s (10%) on average compared with red lamps. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of both flashing systems in reducing drivers' brake response times in urgent situations and may warrant further consideration by manufacturers.

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