scholarly journals Freezing suppression by oxytocin in central amygdala allows alternate defensive behaviours and mother-pup interactions

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Rickenbacher ◽  
Rosemarie E Perry ◽  
Regina M Sullivan ◽  
Marta A Moita

When animals and their offspring are threatened, parents switch from self-defense to offspring protection. How self-defense is suppressed remains elusive. We postulated that suppression of the self-defense response, freezing, is gated via oxytocin acting in the centro-lateral amygdala (CeL). We found that rat dams conditioned to fear an odor, froze when tested alone, whereas if pups were present, they remained in close contact with them or targeted the threat. Furthermore, blocking oxytocin signaling in the CeL prevented the suppression of maternal freezing. Finally, pups exposed to the odor in the presence of the conditioned dam later froze when re-exposed alone. However, if oxytocin signaling in the dam had been blocked, pups failed to learn. This study provides a functional role for the well-described action of oxytocin in the central amygdala, and demonstrates that self-defense suppression allows for active pup protection and mother-pup interactions crucial for pup threat learning.

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (7) ◽  
pp. 345-372
Author(s):  
Santiago Echeverri ◽  

A traditional view holds that the self-concept is essentially indexical. In a highly influential article, Ruth Millikan famously held that the self-concept should be understood as a Millian name with a sui generis functional role. This article presents a novel explanatory argument against the Millian view and in favor of the indexical view. The argument starts from a characterization of the self-concept as a device of information integration. It then shows that the indexical view yields a better explanation of the integration function than the Millian view. The resulting account can rebut Millikan’s objections and it has broader implications for the debate on the essential indexical.


2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 127-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Fuentes Díaz

The self-defense groups of La Ruana and Tepalcatepec and other communities in the Tierra Caliente of Michoacán, Mexico, emerged to oppose both the extortion and violence of the local parastatal order of organized crime and the central state’s demands for their disarming and dissolution. They represented a form of governmentality at the local level in which various nonstate actors performed the functions of government, control, and security in the grey area between legality and illegality. Los grupos de autodefensa de La Ruana y Tepalcatepec, así como de otras comunidades de tierra caliente en Michoacán, México, surgieron para contrarrestar las extorsiones y violencia del orden local paraestatal formado por el crimen organizado, así como las exigencias de desarme y disolución del estado central. Representaban una forma de gobernabilidad a nivel local, con varios actores no estatales haciendo las veces de gobierno, control y seguridad en un área gris entre lo legal y lo ilegal.


2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-366
Author(s):  
Timothy Hsiao

Abstract In Luke 22:36, Jesus instructs his disciples to buy swords. The best understanding of this passage is that Jesus is endorsing the carrying of weapons for personal protection. This article outlines the self-defense interpretation and defends it against several objections. I then argue that the injunction to buy a sword can be extended to gun ownership as a modern-day application. After making the scriptural case for gun ownership, I then sketch a brief philosophical argument for a strong moral right to gun ownership. Various theological, philosophical, and empirical objections are considered and found lacking.


2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Edvard Sefer

AbstractThe primary aim of this research is to prove that the Kata forms were created for the self-defense of a weaker person against a stronger one. The materials and methods used for this research include a study of literature, old Chinese drawings, practical experience with Monku Jutsu, acupressure point fighting, history, Kata forms, anatomy, and body kinetics, as well as Chinese and modern philosophy.The most significant result of this study is a new approach to understanding Kata forms, with the most important conclusion being that Kata forms are an art of selfdefense that do not require fingers like iron or a body as hard as a rock in order for this knowledge to be used in a real life situation.


2007 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hidenari Sakuta ◽  
Takashi Suzuki ◽  
Hiroko Yasuda ◽  
Teizo Ito

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 233a-233a
Author(s):  
Hirota HORINOUCHI ◽  
Seiji HOSODA ◽  
Hironobu SHIMADA ◽  
Satoru WATANABE

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