scholarly journals Author response: The sifting of visual information in the superior colliculus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyu Hyun Lee ◽  
Alvita Tran ◽  
Zeynep Turan ◽  
Markus Meister
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Author Response

scholarly journals Bio-Inspired Modality Fusion for Active Speaker Detection

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3397
Author(s):  
Gustavo Assunção ◽  
Nuno Gonçalves ◽  
Paulo Menezes
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Validation Process ◽  
Detection Approach ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Speaker Detection ◽  
The One ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fusion Ability

Human beings have developed fantastic abilities to integrate information from various sensory sources exploring their inherent complementarity. Perceptual capabilities are therefore heightened, enabling, for instance, the well-known "cocktail party" and McGurk effects, i.e., speech disambiguation from a panoply of sound signals. This fusion ability is also key in refining the perception of sound source location, as in distinguishing whose voice is being heard in a group conversation. Furthermore, neuroscience has successfully identified the superior colliculus region in the brain as the one responsible for this modality fusion, with a handful of biological models having been proposed to approach its underlying neurophysiological process. Deriving inspiration from one of these models, this paper presents a methodology for effectively fusing correlated auditory and visual information for active speaker detection. Such an ability can have a wide range of applications, from teleconferencing systems to social robotics. The detection approach initially routes auditory and visual information through two specialized neural network structures. The resulting embeddings are fused via a novel layer based on the superior colliculus, whose topological structure emulates spatial neuron cross-mapping of unimodal perceptual fields. The validation process employed two publicly available datasets, with achieved results confirming and greatly surpassing initial expectations.

scholarly journals Daily orexinergic modulation of the rat superficial layers of the superior colliculus – implications for intrinsic clock activities in the visual system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukasz Chrobok ◽  
Jagoda Stanislawa Jeczmien-Lazur ◽  
Monika Bubka ◽  
Kamil Pradel ◽  
Aleksandra Klekocinska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Clock Genes ◽  
Brain Area ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Visual Hallucinations ◽  
Tract Tracing ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Circadian Expression

AbstractThe orexinergic system delivers excitation for multiple brain centres to facilitate behavioural arousal, with its malfunction resulting in narcolepsy, somnolence, and notably, visual hallucinations. Since the circadian clock underlies the daily arousal, a timed coordination is expected between the orexin system and its target subcortical visual system, including the superior colliculus (SC). Here, we use a combination of electrophysiological, immunohistochemical, and molecular approaches across 24 h, together with the neuronal tract tracing methods in rodents to elucidate the daily coordination between the orexin system and the superficial layers of the SC. We find the daily orexinergic innervation onto the SC, coinciding with the daily silencing of spontaneous firing in this visual brain area. We identify autonomous daily and circadian expression of clock genes in the SC, which may underlie these day-night changes. Additionally, we establish the lateral hypothalamic origin of orexin innervation to the SC and that the SC neurons robustly respond to orexin A via OX2 receptor in both excitatory and GABAA receptor-dependent inhibitory manners. Together, our evidence supports that the clock coordination between the orexinergic input and its response in the SC provides arousal-related excitation needed to detect sparse visual information during the behaviourally active phase.

Indirect, across-the-midline retinotectal projections and representation of ipsilateral visual field in superior colliculus of the cat

1978 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Antonini ◽  
G. Berlucchi ◽  
J. M. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Receptive Field ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Optic Chiasm ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Vertical Meridian ◽  
Contralateral Eye ◽  
Rostral Portion

1. In agreement with previous work, we have found that the ipsilateral visual field is represented in an extensive rostral portion--from one-third to one-half--of the superior colliculus (SC) of the cat. This representation is binocular. The SC representation of the ipsilateral visual field can be mediated both directly, by crossed retinotectal connections originating from temporal hemiretina, and indirectly, by across-the-midline connections relaying visual information from one-half of the brain to contralateral SC. 2. In order to study the indirect, across-the-midline visual input to the SC, we have recorded responses of SC neurons to visual stimuli presented to either the ipsilateral or the contralateral eye of cats with a midsagittal splitting of the optic chiasm. Units driven by the ipsilateral eye, presumably through the direct retinotectal input and/or corticotectal connections from ipsilateral visual cortex, were found throughout the SC, except at its caudal pole, which normally receives fibers from the extreme periphery of the contralateral nasal hemiretina. Units driven by the contralateral eye, undoubtedly through an indirect across-the-midline connection, were found only in the anterior portion of the SC, in which is normally represented the ipsilateral visual field. Receptive fields in both ipsilateral and contralateral eye had properties typical of SC receptive fields in cats with intact optic pathways. 3. All units having a receptive field in the contralateral eye had also a receptive field in the ipsilateral eye; for each of these units, the receptive fields in both eyes invariably abutted the vertical meridian of the visual field. The receptive field in one eye had about the same elevation relative to the horizontal meridian and the same vertical extension as the receptive field in the other eye; the two receptive fields of each binocular unit matched each other at the vertical meridian and formed a combined receptive field straddling the vertical midline of the horopter...

Importance of corpus callosum for visual receptive fields of single neurons in cat superior colliculus

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Antonini ◽  
G. Berlucchi ◽  
C. A. Marzi ◽  
J. M. Sprague
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Learning ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Vertical Meridian ◽  
Retinotectal Projections ◽  
Contralateral Eye ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Section of the posterior two-thirds of the corpus callosum eliminates almost completely the response of superior colliculus (SC) neurons to stimulation of the contralateral eye in split-chiasm cats. On the contrary, the responsiveness of SC neurons to stimulation of the contralateral eye is not abolished by a transection of the posterior and tectal commissures leaving the corpus callosum intact. The callosal section also reduces the number of SC receptive fields abutting the vertical meridian in the ipsilateral eye of split-chiasm cats. 2. In cats with intact optic pathways, a similar callosal section abolishes the SC representation of the ipsilateral visual field in the ipsilateral eye and also reduces the number of receptive fields adjoining the vertical meridian in the same eye. In the contralateral eye, the SC representation of the ipsilateral visual field is reduced in extension to about one-fifth of that seen in cats with intact commissures. 3. The results suggest that the corpus callosum is the main pathway for cross-midline communication of visual information at not only the cortical, but also the midbrain level. The corpus callosum may subserve this function because it contains uninterrupted crossed corticotectal projections or because it transmits visual information from one hemisphere to contralateral cortical areas projecting ipsilaterally to SC. The latter hypothesis is more likely but, in any case, the findings imply that the lack of interhemispheric transfer of visual learning in cats with a chiasmatic and callosal section may depend on a midline disconnection of both subcortical and cortical visual centers. 4. The corpus callosum is also responsible for the representation of the ipsilateral visual field of the ipsilateral eye in the cat SC. The SC representation of the ipsilateral visual field in the contralateral eye is due, in minimal part, to direct retinotectal connections from temporal retina and, for the largest part, to the corpus callosum. 5. Finally, the corpus callosum contributes to the representation of the contralateral visual field near the vertical meridian of the temporal retina in both split-chiasm and normal cats. This is probably due to the scarcity of direct retinotectal projections from this part of the retina and to their supplementation by corticotectal neurons influenced by the callosal afferents.

scholarly journals Author response: Direct neural pathways convey distinct visual information to Drosophila mushroom bodies

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katrin Vogt ◽  
Yoshinori Aso ◽  
Toshihide Hige ◽  
Stephan Knapek ◽  
Toshiharu Ichinose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Author Response ◽  
Mushroom Bodies ◽  
Neural Pathways

The Arrangement of Corpus Geniculatum Laterale Connections with Oculomotor Structures

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 142-142
Author(s):  
K P Fedorova
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Optic Tract ◽  
Oculomotor System ◽  
Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus ◽  
Pretectal Nucleus ◽  
Deep Layers ◽  
Corpus Geniculatum Laterale ◽  
Nucleus Vestibularis

The primary visual centres are known to be involved in the organisation of oculomotor acts, but the pathways of signal transmission from corpus geniculatum laterale (lateral geniculate nucleus, LGN) to the structures of the oculomotor system remain unknown. The aim of this study on 30 cats was to determine autoradiographically all the possible pathways of visual information transmission from both dorsal and ventral nuclei of the LGN to oculomotor nuclei. It was found that there were no direct connections of the LGN with the oculomotor nucleus. The connection occurs either through the cortex or through the preoculomotor formations. These pathways are the following: (1) from the dorsal and ventral nuclei of the LGN to the visual pretectum (olivary pretectal nucleus, posterior pretectal nucleus, nucleus of the optic tract) and then to the vegetative part of III nucleus or through nucleus commissurae posterioris, Cajal and Darkschewitsch nuclei to the somatis part of III nucleus and along the medial longitudinal fasciculus to IV nucleus and periabducens region; (2) from the ventral LGN into the deep layers (IV and VI) of the superior colliculus, and then to the Edinger - Westphal nucleus, preoculomotor central gray substance, and VI nucleus; (3) from the dorsal LGN into the deep layers (IV and VI) of the superior colliculus with relay synapses in the parietal cortex and zona insecta; (4) from the dorsal and ventral nuclei of the LGN to nucleus pontis dorsolateralis and paramedianus, being connected with the vermis anterior lobe (V - VII lobes) of cerebellum, and then to nucleus vestibularis inferior and nucleus vestibularis lateralis.

scholarly journals Changes in Otx2 and Parvalbumin Immunoreactivity in the Superior Colliculus in the Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-βKnockout Mice

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juanjuan Zhao ◽  
Susumu Urakawa ◽  
Jumpei Matsumoto ◽  
Ruixi Li ◽  
Yoko Ishii ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factor ◽  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
Platelet Derived Growth Factor ◽  
Functional Development ◽  
Relay Nucleus ◽  
Emotional Deficits

The superior colliculus (SC), a relay nucleus in the subcortical visual pathways, is implicated in socioemotional behaviors. Homeoprotein Otx2 andβsubunit of receptors of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFR-β) have been suggested to play an important role in development of the visual system and development and maturation of GABAergic neurons. Although PDGFR-β-knockout (KO) mice displayed socio-emotional deficits associated with parvalbumin (PV-)immunoreactive (IR) neurons, their anatomical bases in the SC were unknown. In the present study, Otx2 and PV-immunolabeling in the adult mouse SC were investigated in the PDGFR-βKO mice. Although there were no differences in distribution patterns of Otx2 and PV-IR cells between the wild type and PDGFR-βKO mice, the mean numbers of both of the Otx2- and PV-IR cells were significantly reduced in the PDGFR-βKO mice. Furthermore, average diameters of Otx2- and PV-IR cells were significantly reduced in the PDGFR-βKO mice. These findings suggest that PDGFR-βplays a critical role in the functional development of the SC through its effects on Otx2- and PV-IR cells, provided specific roles of Otx2 protein and PV-IR cells in the development of SC neurons and visual information processing, respectively.

scholarly journals The Evolution of the Pulvinar Complex in Primates and Its Role in the Dorsal and Ventral Streams of Cortical Processing

Vision ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jon H. Kaas ◽  
Mary K. L. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Superior Colliculus ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Dorsal Stream ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cortical Processing ◽  
Area Mt ◽  
Medial Nucleus ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Visual Area Mt

Current evidence supports the view that the visual pulvinar of primates consists of at least five nuclei, with two large nuclei, lateral pulvinar ventrolateral (PLvl) and central lateral nucleus of the inferior pulvinar (PIcl), contributing mainly to the ventral stream of cortical processing for perception, and three smaller nuclei, posterior nucleus of the inferior pulvinar (PIp), medial nucleus of the inferior pulvinar (PIm), and central medial nucleus of the inferior pulvinar (PIcm), projecting to dorsal stream visual areas for visually directed actions. In primates, both cortical streams are highly dependent on visual information distributed from primary visual cortex (V1). This area is so vital to vision that patients with V1 lesions are considered “cortically blind”. When the V1 inputs to dorsal stream area middle temporal visual area (MT) are absent, other dorsal stream areas receive visual information relayed from the superior colliculus via PIp and PIcm, thereby preserving some dorsal stream functions, a phenomenon called “blind sight”. Non-primate mammals do not have a dorsal stream area MT with V1 inputs, but superior colliculus inputs to temporal cortex can be more significant and more visual functions are preserved when V1 input is disrupted. The current review will discuss how the different visual streams, especially the dorsal stream, have changed during primate evolution and we propose which features are retained from the common ancestor of primates and their close relatives.

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