scholarly journals Structural color in Junonia butterflies evolves by tuning scale lamina thickness

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel C Thayer ◽  
Frances I Allen ◽  
Nipam H Patel
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Structural Color ◽  
Thickness Variation ◽  
Lamina Thickness ◽  
Blue Wing ◽  
Color Shift ◽  
Intrinsic Component ◽  
Scatter Light

In diverse organisms, nanostructures that coherently scatter light create structural color, but how such structures are built remains mysterious. We investigate the evolution and genetic regulation of butterfly scale laminae, which are simple photonic nanostructures. In a lineage of buckeye butterflies artificially selected for blue wing color, we found that thickened laminae caused a color shift from brown to blue. Deletion of the optix patterning gene also altered color via lamina thickening, revealing shared regulation of pigments and lamina thickness. Finally, we show how lamina thickness variation contributes to the color diversity that distinguishes sexes and species throughout the genus Junonia. Thus, quantitatively tuning one dimension of scale architecture facilitates both the microevolution and macroevolution of a broad spectrum of hues. Because the lamina is an intrinsic component of typical butterfly scales, our findings suggest that tuning lamina thickness is an available mechanism to create structural color across the Lepidoptera.

scholarly journals Structural color in Junonia butterflies evolves by tuning scale lamina thickness

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel C. Thayer ◽  
Frances I. Allen ◽  
Nipam H. Patel
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Structural Color ◽  
Thickness Variation ◽  
Lamina Thickness ◽  
Blue Wing ◽  
Color Shift ◽  
Intrinsic Component ◽  
Scatter Light ◽  
Shared Genetic

AbstractIn diverse organisms, nanostructures that coherently scatter light create structural color, but how such structures are built remains mysterious. We investigate the evolution and genetic regulation of butterfly scale laminae, which are simple photonic nanostructures. In a lineage of buckeye butterflies artificially selected for blue wing color, we found that thickened laminae caused a color shift from brown to blue. Deletion of the optix wing patterning gene also altered color via lamina thickening, revealing shared genetic regulation of pigments and lamina thickness. Finally, we show how lamina thickness variation contributes to the color diversity that distinguishes sexes and species throughout the genus Junonia. Thus, quantitatively tuning one dimension of scale architecture facilitates both the microevolution and macroevolution of a broad spectrum of hues. Because the lamina is an intrinsic component of typical butterfly scales, our findings suggest that tuning lamina thickness is a readily accessible mechanism to create structural color across the Lepidoptera.

Genetic Regulation of Gelsolin in Lung in Mouse Model and its Potential Broad Spectrum of Biological Functions

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyun Liu ◽  
Helin Feng ◽  
Jiaqian Zhu ◽  
Rachel Stein ◽  
Yue Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Genetic Regulation ◽  
Biological Functions

scholarly journals Selective IT neurons are selective along many dimensions

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 1512-1520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalathupiriyan A. Zhivago ◽  
S. P. Arun
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Shape Selectivity ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Position And Orientation ◽  
Intrinsic Component

Our visual abilities are unsurpassed because of a sophisticated code for objects located in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex. This code has remained a mystery because IT neurons show extremely diverse shape selectivity with no apparent organizing principle. Here, we show that there is an intrinsic component to selectivity in IT neurons. We tested IT neurons on distinct shapes and their parametric variations and asked whether neurons selective along one dimension were also selective along others. Selective neurons responded to fewer shapes and were narrowly tuned to local variations of these shapes, both along arbitrary morph lines and along variations in size, position, or orientation. For a subset of neurons, selective neurons were selective for both shape and texture. Finally, selective neurons were also more invariant in that they preserved their shape preferences across changes in size, position, and orientation. These observations indicate that there is an intrinsic constraint on the sharpness of tuning for the features coded by each IT neuron, making it always sharply tuned or always broadly tuned along all dimensions. We speculate that this may be an organizing principle throughout visual cortex.

scholarly journals Nanomaterials: A review of synthesis, properties, recent progress, and challenges

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadeem Baig ◽  
Irshad Kammakakam ◽  
W.S. Falath
Keyword(s):  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Recent Progress ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Synthesis Properties

Nanomaterials have emerged as an amazing class of materials that consists of a broad spectrum of materials with at least one dimension in the range of 1 to 100 nm....

scholarly journals Iridescence in nematics: Photonic liquid crystals of nanoplates in absence of long-range periodicity

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (37) ◽  
pp. 18322-18327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minxiang Zeng ◽  
Daniel King ◽  
Dali Huang ◽  
Changwoo Do ◽  
Ling Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Crystals ◽  
Broad Spectrum ◽  
Carbon Nanoparticles ◽  
Orientational Order ◽  
Colloidal Dispersion ◽  
Structural Color ◽  
Ordered Structure ◽  
Photonic Structure ◽  
Photonic Materials ◽  
Structural Colors

Photonic materials with positionally ordered structure can interact strongly with light to produce brilliant structural colors. Here, we found that the nonperiodic nematic liquid crystals of nanoplates can also display structural color with only significant orientational order. Owing to the loose stacking of the nematic nanodiscs, such colloidal dispersion is able to reflect a broad-spectrum wavelength, of which the reflection color can be further enhanced by adding carbon nanoparticles to reduce background scattering. Upon the addition of electrolytes, such vivid colors of nematic dispersion can be fine-tuned via electrostatic forces. Furthermore, we took advantage of the fluidity of the nematic structure to create a variety of colorful arts. It was expected that the concept of implanting nematic features in photonic structure of lyotropic nanoparticles may open opportunities for developing advanced photonic materials for display, sensing, and art applications.

Reconstruction of Objects from their Projections Using Orthogonal Functions

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 268-269
Author(s):  
Elrnar Zeitler
Keyword(s):  
Unit Area ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Spatial Density ◽  
Dimensional Representation ◽  
Orthogonal Functions ◽  
Object A ◽  
Plane Normal ◽  
Dimensional Object ◽  
Spatial Density Distribution

Considering any finite three-dimensional object, a “projection” is here defined as a two-dimensional representation of the object's mass per unit area on a plane normal to a given projection axis, here taken as they-axis. Since the object can be seen as being built from parallel, thin slices, the relation between object structure and its projection can be reduced by one dimension. It is assumed that an electron microscope equipped with a tilting stage records the projectionWhere the object has a spatial density distribution p(r,ϕ) within a limiting radius taken to be unity, and the stage is tilted by an angle 9 with respect to the x-axis of the recording plane.

Quantitative Diameter Measurements of Chromatin and TMV Fibers in the Freeze-Dried State

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 170-171
Author(s):  
B. D. Athey ◽  
A. L. Stout ◽  
M. F. Smith ◽  
J. P. Langmore
Keyword(s):  
Reliable Method ◽  
Fiber Diameter ◽  
Quantitative Agreement ◽  
One Dimension ◽  
Fiber Axis ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Fiber Density ◽  
Variable Diameter ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Expected Values

Although there is general agreement that Inactive chromosome fibers consist of helically packed nucleosomes, the pattern of packing is still undetermined. Only one of the proposed models, the crossed-linker model, predicts a variable diameter dependent on the length of DNA between nucleosomes. Measurements of the fiber diameter of negatively-stained and frozen- hydrated- chromatin from Thyone sperm (87bp linker) and Necturus erythrocytes (48bp linker) have been previously reported from this laboratory. We now introduce a more reliable method of measuring the diameters of electron images of fibrous objects. The procedure uses a modified version of the computer program TOTAL, which takes a two-dimensional projection of the fiber density (represented by the micrograph itself) and projects it down the fiber axis onto one dimension. We illustrate this method using high contrast, in-focus STEM images of TMV and chromatin from Thyone and Necturus. The measured diameters are in quantitative agreement with the expected values for the crossed-linker model for chromatin structure

Some Quantification Problems in Parallel EELS Images

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
G. Botton ◽  
G. L’Espérance ◽  
M.D. Ball ◽  
C.E. Gallerneault
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Imaging System ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Acquisition Time ◽  
Thickness Variation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Distribution Of Elements ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Present Distribution

The recently developed parallel electron energy loss spectrometers (PEELS) have led to a significant reduction in spectrum acquisition time making EELS more useful in many applications in material science. Dwell times as short as 50 msec per spectrum with a PEELS coupled to a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), can make quantitative EEL images accessible. These images would present distribution of elements with the high spatial resolution inherent to EELS. The aim of this paper is to briefly investigate the effect of acquisition time per pixel on the signal to noise ratio (SNR), the effect of thickness variation and crystallography and finally the energy stability of spectra when acquired in the scanning mode during long periods of time.The configuration of the imaging system is the following: a Gatan PEELS is coupled to a CM30 (TEM/STEM) electron microscope, the control of the spectrometer and microscope is performed through a LINK AN10-85S MCA which is interfaced to a IBM RT 125 (running under AIX) via a DR11W line.

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