Salivary microbial changes during the first 6 months of orthodontic treatment

Background Orthodontic treatment is widely used to treat malocclusion. However, the influence of treatment on the oral microbiome remains unclear. In this study, we investigated salivary microbial changes in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Methods In total, 19 orthodontic patients participated in this study. Saliva samples were collected at the following three timepoints: before (T0) and 3 months (T1) and 6 months (T2) after the placement of orthodontic appliances. High-throughput sequencing was performed based on the 16S rRNA gene V4 region. Results The phyla of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria were predominant. Observed Species, Chao1 and ACE, which represent α diversity, were significantly decreased at T1 and subsequently increased at T2. In addition, the β diversity at T1 based on the Bray-Curtis distances differed from T0 and T2. The relative abundances of Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Peptostreptococcus were decreased with treatment, whereas those of Capnocytophaga and Neisseria exhibited the opposite results. In total, 385 of 410 operational taxonomic units were shared at T0, T1 and T2. The co-occurrence networks with hub nodes at T1 were the most complex. Conclusion Orthodontic treatment temporarily affected the saliva microbial community. This dynamic alteration in species did not induce deterioration in oral health. Oral hygiene instructions were necessary and should be emphasized during each visit. Further studies with longer observation periods and more participants are required.

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Taxonomic Analysis of Oral Microbiome during Orthodontic Treatment

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2021/8275181 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Alessandra Campobasso ◽

Eleonora Lo Muzio ◽

Giovanni Battista ◽

Domenico Ciavarella ◽

Vito Crincoli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Data Extraction ◽

Human Study ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Microbial Composition ◽

Fixed Appliance ◽

Gene Search ◽

Evidence Quality

Background. Orthodontic appliances induce significant changes in the oral microbiome, but this shift in microbial composition has not been well established by the available evidence yet. Objectives. To perform a systematic review of existing literature in order to assess the taxonomic microbial changes in orthodontic patients during Fixed Appliance Treatment (FAT) and Clear Aligner Treatment (CAT), using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Search Methods and Selection Criteria. The search for articles was carried out in PubMed, including articles published in English until May 2021. They included every human study report potentially relevant to the review. Data Collection and Analysis. After duplicate study selection and data extraction procedures according to the PICOS scheme, the methodological quality of the included papers was assessed by the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care Criteria for Grading Assessed Studies (SBU) method. Results. The initial search identified 393 articles, 74 of which were selected by title and abstract. After full-text reading, six articles were selected according to inclusion criteria. The evidence quality for all the studies was moderate. Conclusions. Orthodontic treatment seems to transiently affect the composition of subgingival microbiome, although not salivary, maintaining a stable microbial diversity. Different results were found in the shift of microbiome between plaque and saliva, depending on the type of orthodontic treatment. This review should be interpreted with some caution because of the number, quality, and heterogeneity of the included studies.

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Red Cusk-Eel (Genypterus chilensis) Gut Microbiota Description of Wild and Aquaculture Specimens

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms10010105 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Jaime Romero ◽

Osmán Díaz ◽

Claudio D. Miranda ◽

Rodrigo Rojas

Keyword(s):

Intestinal Microbiota ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Acid Synthesis ◽

Intestinal Content ◽

Meat Production ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Potential Contribution ◽

Ion Torrent ◽

The 16S Rrna Gene ◽

Genypterus Chilensis

Chile has promoted the diversification of aquaculture and red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) is one of the prioritized species. However, many aspects of the biology of the species are unknown or have little information available. These include intestinal microbiota, an element that may play an important role in the nutrition and defense of cultured animals for meat production. This study compares the microbiota composition of the intestinal contents of wild and aquaculture fish to explore the microbial communities present and their potential contribution to the host. DNA was extracted from the intestinal content samples and the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced using the Ion Torrent platform. After the examination of the sequences, strong differences were found in the composition at the level of phylum, being Firmicutes and Tenericutes the most abundant in aquaculture and wild condition, respectively. At the genus level, the Vagococcus (54%) and Mycoplasma (97%) were the most prevalent in the microbial community of aquaculture and wild condition, respectively. The evaluation of predicted metabolic pathways in these metagenomes showed that in wild condition there is an important presence of lipid metabolism belonging to the unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. In the aquaculture condition, the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides were relevant. To our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize and compare the intestinal microbiota of red cusk-eel (Genypterus chilensis) of wild and aquaculture origin using high-throughput sequencing.

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Effect of fixed orthodontic appliances on nonmicrobial salivary parameters

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/111317-773.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 88 (6) ◽

pp. 806-811 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ioannis P. Zogakis ◽

Erez Koren ◽

Shlomit Gorelik ◽

Isaac Ginsburg ◽

Miriam Shalish

Keyword(s):

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Salivary Ph ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

The Difference ◽

Ph Decrease

ABSTRACT Objectives: To examine possible changes in the levels of salivary antioxidants, C-reactive protein (CRP), cortisol, pH, proteins, and blood in patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: Salivary samples from 21 orthodontic patients who met specific inclusion criteria were collected before the beginning of orthodontic treatment (T0; baseline), 1 hour after bonding (T1), and 4–6 weeks after bonding (T2). Oxidant-scavenging ability (OSA) was quantified using a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay. Cortisol and CRP levels were measured using immunoassay kits. pH levels and presence of proteins and blood in the samples were quantified using strip-based tests. Results: A significant decrease in salivary pH was observed after bonding (P = .013). An increase in oxidant-scavenging abilities during orthodontic treatment was detected, but the change was not statistically significant. Cortisol and CRP levels slightly increased after bonding, but the difference was small without statistical significance. Changes in the presence of proteins and blood were also insignificant. Conclusions: Exposure to fixed orthodontic appliances did not show a significant effect on salivary parameters related to inflammation or stress, with the exception of a significant but transient pH decrease after bonding.

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Variation in the microbiome of the spider mite Tetranychus truncatus with sex, instar and endosymbiont infection

FEMS Microbiology Ecology ◽

10.1093/femsec/fiaa004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Yu-Xi Zhu ◽

Zhang-Rong Song ◽

Shi-Mei Huo ◽

Kun Yang ◽

Xiao-Yue Hong

Keyword(s):

Spider Mite ◽

Potential Role ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Spider Mites ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Associated Bacteria ◽

Operational Taxonomic Units ◽

Dominant Bacteria ◽

The 16S Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT Most arthropod-associated bacterial communities play a crucial role in host functional traits, whose structure could be dominated by endosymbionts. The spider mite Tetranychus truncatus is a notorious agricultural pest harboring various endosymbionts, yet the effects of endosymbionts on spider mite microbiota remain largely unknown. Here, using deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we characterized the microbiota of male and female T. truncatus with different endosymbionts (Wolbachia and Spiroplasma) across different developmental stages. Although the spider mite microbiota composition varied across the different developmental stages, Proteobacteria were the most dominant bacteria harbored in all samples. Positive relationships among related operational taxonomic units dominated the significant coassociation networks among bacteria. Moreover, the spider mites coinfected with Wolbachia and Spiroplasma had a significantly higher daily fecundity and juvenile survival rate than the singly infected or uninfected spider mites. The possible function of spider-mite associated bacteria was discussed. Our results highlight the dynamics of spider mite microbiotas across different life stages, and the potential role of endosymbionts in shaping the microbiota of spider mites and improving host fitness.

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Cellular Alteration of the Oral Mucosa due to Orthodontic Appliances and Tobacco Smoking: A Cytomorphometric Study

Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal ◽

10.3126/jcmsn.v15i3.22620 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 206-210

Author(s):

Vinay Marla ◽

Dharanidhar Baral ◽

Prabhat Ranjan Pokharel ◽

Ashish Shrestha ◽

Rajesh Gyawali ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Mucosa ◽

Tobacco Smoking ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Study Groups ◽

Cell Diameter ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Low Grade ◽

Nuclear Area ◽

Mucosal Cells ◽

Orthodontic Patients

Introduction: Fixed orthodontic treatment causes chronic low grade irritation on the oral mucosa. Tobacco smoking is considered to be a risk factor in the development of oral cancer. This study involves a cytomorphometric analysis on the buccal mucosal cells in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment who are tobacco smokers. Methods: Exfoliated buccal mucosal cells were obtained from orthodontic patients (smokers & non-smokers) as well as smokers and non-smokers who are not undergoing any orthodontic treatment. Smears were stained with rapid PAP stain and digital images of 50 cells were analysed using the Image J software. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that there were significant increase in the values of nuclear and cell diameter between non-smokers undergoing orthodontic treatment and smokers (p<0.001 & p=0.014 respectively), and between non-smokers undergoing orthodontic treatment and smokers undergoing orthodontic treatment (p<0.001 & p=0.015 respectively). Also, nuclear area and cell area showed significant differences between many of the study groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded that there are nuclear and cellular alterations in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment who are smokers

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Soehngenia longivitae sp. nov., a Fermenting Bacterium Isolated from a Petroleum Reservoir in Azerbaijan, and Emended Description of the Genus Soehngenia

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms8121967 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1967

Author(s):

Tamara N. Nazina ◽

Salimat K. Bidzhieva ◽

Denis S. Grouzdev ◽

Diyana S. Sokolova ◽

Tatyana P. Tourova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

16S Rrna ◽

16S Rrna Gene ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Biochemical Characterization ◽

Sequence Similarity ◽

Phylogenomic Analysis ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Petroleum Reservoir ◽

Ph Range ◽

The 16S Rrna Gene

A methanogenic enrichment growing on a medium with methanol was obtained from a petroleum reservoir (Republic of Azerbaijan) and stored for 33 years without transfers to fresh medium. High-throughput sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene revealed members of the genera Desulfovibrio, Soehngenia, Thermovirga, Petrimonas, Methanosarcina, and Methanomethylovorans. A novel gram-positive, rod-shaped, anaerobic fermentative bacterium, strain 1933PT, was isolated from this enrichment and characterized. The strain grew at 13–55 °C (optimum 35 °C), with 0–3.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0–2.0%) and in the pH range of 6.7–8.0 (optimum pH 7.0). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) and in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain 1933PT and the type strain of the most closely related species Soehngenia saccharolytica DSM 12858T were 98.5%, 70.5%, and 22.6%, respectively, and were below the threshold accepted for species demarcation. Genome-based phylogenomic analysis and physiological and biochemical characterization of the strain 1933PT (VKM B-3382T = KCTC 15984T) confirmed its affiliation to a novel species of the genus Soehngenia, for which the name Soehngenia longivitae sp. nov. is proposed. Genome analysis suggests that the new strain has potential in the degradation of proteinaceous components.

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Pain, masticatory performance and swallowing threshold in orthodontic patients

Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1590/s2176-94512013000600018 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 117-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marcos Porto Trein ◽

Karina Santos Mundstock ◽

Leonardo Maciel ◽

Jaqueline Rachor ◽

Gustavo Hauber Gameiro

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Orthodontic Treatment ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Masticatory Performance ◽

Threshold Test ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

Median Particle ◽

Fixed Appliances ◽

Baseline Values ◽

Individual Capacity

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess pain, masticatory performance and swallowing threshold of patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. METHODS: Ten patients of both genders (mean age of 17.25 ± 5.21 years), with complete permanent dentition, who underwent orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances were evaluated. The masticatory performance and the swallowing threshold were assessed by patient's individual capacity of fragmenting an artificial test food (Optocal) which was chewed and had the resulting particles processed by a standardized sieving method, presenting the median particle size (MPS) of crushed units. The intensity of pain / discomfort during chewing was evaluated by means of a visual analog scale. All tests were performed at the following times: T0 - before activating the orthodontic appliance; T1 - 24 hours after activation, and T2 - 30 days after activation. RESULTS: The results showed a significant increase in pain at T1 (T0 - 0.60 ± 0.70 mm; T1 - 66.2 ± 34.5 mm), returning to baseline values at T2 (3.20 ± 3.82 mm). Masticatory performance was also reduced in T1 (MPS 10.15 ± 1.1 mm²) in comparison to T0 (MPS 7.01 ± 2.9 mm²) and T2 (MPS 6.76 ± 1.3 mm²). However, particle size was not affected in the swallowing threshold test (T0 - 5.47 ± 2.37 mm²; T1 - 6.19 ± 2.05 mm²; T2 - 5.94 ± 2.36 mm²). CONCLUSION: The orthodontic appliances did not interfere in the size of the particles that would be swallowed, even in the presence of pain.

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Characterization of the salivary microbiome in people with obesity

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.4458 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e4458 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Yujia Wu ◽

Xiaopei Chi ◽

Qian Zhang ◽

Feng Chen ◽

Xuliang Deng

Keyword(s):

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Illumina Miseq ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Oral Microbiome ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

And Function ◽

Healthy Participants

Background The interactions between the gut microbiome and obesity have been extensively studied. Although the oral cavity is the gateway to the gut, and is extensively colonized with microbes, little is known about the oral microbiome in people with obesity. In the present study, we investigated the salivary microbiome in obese and normal weight healthy participants using metagenomic analysis. The subjects were categorized into two groups, obesity and normal weight, based on their BMIs. Methods We characterized the salivary microbiome of 33 adults with obesity and 29 normal weight controls using high-throughput sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene (Illumina MiSeq). None of the selected participants had systemic, oral mucosal, or periodontal diseases. Results The salivary microbiome of the obesity group was distinct from that of the normal weight group. The salivary microbiome of periodontally healthy people with obesity had both significantly lower bacterial diversity and richness compared with the controls. The genus Prevotella, Granulicatella, Peptostreptococcus, Solobacterium, Catonella, and Mogibacterium were significantly more abundant in the obesity group; meanwhile the genus Haemophilus, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, and Staphylococcus were less abundant in the obesity group. We also performed a functional analysis of the inferred metagenomes, and showed that the salivary community associated with obesity had a stronger signature of immune disease and a decreased functional signature related to environmental adaptation and Xenobiotics biodegradation compared with the normal weight controls. Discussion Our study demonstrates that the microbial diversity and structure of the salivary microbiome in people with obesity are significantly different from those of normal weight controls. These results suggested that changes in the structure and function of salivary microbiome in people with obesity might reflect their susceptibility to oral diseases.

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Online Oral Hygiene Instructions for Orthodontic Patients in Malaysian Population

Medicine & Health ◽

10.17576/mh.2021.1601.18 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 223-236

Author(s):

Nurul Asyikin Yahya ◽

Keyword(s):

Oral Hygiene ◽

Oral Care ◽

Knowledge Retention ◽

High Rate ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Massive Open Online Course ◽

Learning Content ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Orthodontic Patients ◽

Oral Hygiene Instructions

Fixed orthodontic appliances causes plaque accumulation, which leads to the formation of dental caries and gingivitis. Therefore, concise oral hygiene instructions (OHI) is necessary to avoid the occurrence of these diseases. Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) ensures interactive learning to improve knowledge retention. MOOC transfers the responsibility of learning OHI to the patients with remote guidance from the clinician, thus reduces clinical time. This research aimed to develop the MOOC learning content on OHI in orthodontic practice. The secondary aim was to assess the overall analytics data among learners enrolled for the completion rate and time taken to complete the MOOC. The ADDIE principles which were, "Analyse, Design, Develop, Implement and Evaluate", were used to develop the MOOC. The contents were based on a published pamphlet of OHI from the Ministry of Health, Malaysia. The MOOC was pre-tested, and content was improved based on the feedback from users and experts. The MOOC named “Penjagaan Kebersihan Pendakap Gigi” utilises the Bahasa Melayu language to educate learners regarding oral care with orthodontic appliances. Sixty-two learners joined the MOOC, with 77.4% achieving a high rate of completion of the MOOC learning content. There were forty-six female learners (74.2%), while male learners comprised sixteen (25.8%). The median (interquartile range) time taken to complete MOOC learning content were 31.50 minutes, (13.00 minutes to 55.50 minutes). This shows that MOOC could be an alternative platform to instruct patients on OHI with fixed appliances. MOOC can potentially reduce clinical time to teach OHI to patients.

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Untapped sponge microbiomes: structure specificity at host order and family levels

FEMS Microbiology Ecology ◽

10.1093/femsec/fiz136 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 95 (9) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qi Yang ◽

Christopher M M Franco ◽

Hou-Wen Lin ◽

Wei Zhang

Keyword(s):

Species Level ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Operational Taxonomic Units ◽

Class Level ◽

Microbial Resources ◽

Host Phylogeny ◽

Shared Otus ◽

Primer Sets ◽

The 16S Rrna Gene ◽

Unique Otus

ABSTRACT Sponges are complex holobionts in which the structure of the microbiome has seldom been characterized above the host species level. The hypothesis tested in this study is that the structure of the sponge microbiomes is specific to the host at the order and family levels. This was done by using 33 sponge species belonging to 19 families representing five orders. A combination of three primer sets covering the V1-V8 regions of the 16S rRNA gene provided a more comprehensive coverage of the microbiomes. Both the diversity and structure of sponge microbiomes were demonstrated to be highly specific to the host phylogeny at the order and family levels. There are always dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (relative abundance >1%) shared between microbial communities of sponges within the same family or order, but these shared OTUs showed high levels of dissimilarity between different sponge families and orders. The unique OTUs for a particular sponge family or order could be regarded as their ‘signature identity’. 70%–87% of these unique OTUs (class level) are unaffiliated and represent a vast resource of untapped microbiota. This study contributes to a deeper understanding on the concept of host-specificity of sponge microbiomes and highlights a hidden reservoir of sponge-associated microbial resources.

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