Variation in the microbiome of the spider mite Tetranychus truncatus with sex, instar and endosymbiont infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Xi Zhu ◽  
Zhang-Rong Song ◽  
Shi-Mei Huo ◽  
Kun Yang ◽  
Xiao-Yue Hong
Keyword(s):  
Spider Mite ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Dominant Bacteria ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT Most arthropod-associated bacterial communities play a crucial role in host functional traits, whose structure could be dominated by endosymbionts. The spider mite Tetranychus truncatus is a notorious agricultural pest harboring various endosymbionts, yet the effects of endosymbionts on spider mite microbiota remain largely unknown. Here, using deep sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, we characterized the microbiota of male and female T. truncatus with different endosymbionts (Wolbachia and Spiroplasma) across different developmental stages. Although the spider mite microbiota composition varied across the different developmental stages, Proteobacteria were the most dominant bacteria harbored in all samples. Positive relationships among related operational taxonomic units dominated the significant coassociation networks among bacteria. Moreover, the spider mites coinfected with Wolbachia and Spiroplasma had a significantly higher daily fecundity and juvenile survival rate than the singly infected or uninfected spider mites. The possible function of spider-mite associated bacteria was discussed. Our results highlight the dynamics of spider mite microbiotas across different life stages, and the potential role of endosymbionts in shaping the microbiota of spider mites and improving host fitness.

scholarly journals Characterization of symbiotic and associated bacteria from entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis sp. (nematode: Heterorhabditidae) isolated from India

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashid Pervez ◽  
Showkat Ahmad Lone ◽  
Sasmita Pattnaik
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Entomopathogenic Nematode ◽  
Alcaligenes Faecalis ◽  
Symbiotic Bacteria ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Molecular Approaches

Abstract Background Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) harboring symbiotic bacteria are one of the safest alternatives to the chemical insecticides for the control of various insect pests. Infective juveniles of EPNs locate a target insect, enter through the openings, and reach the hemocoel, where they release the symbiotic bacteria and the target gets killed by the virulence factors of the bacteria. Photorhabdus with Heterorhabditis spp. are well documented; little is known about the associated bacteria. Main body In this study, we explored the presence of symbiotic and associated bacteria from Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 09) and characterized by phenotypic, biochemical, and molecular approaches. Six bacterial isolates, belonging to four different genera, were recovered and identified as follows: Photorhabdus luminescens, one each strain of Providencia vermicola, Pseudomonas entomophila, Alcaligenes aquatilis, and two strains of Alcaligenes faecalis based on the phenotypic, biochemical criteria and the sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. Conclusion P. luminescens is symbiotically associated with Heterorhabditis sp. (IISR-EPN 09), whereas P. vermicola, P. entomophila, A. aquatilis, and A. faecalis are the associated bacteria. Further studies are needed to determine the exact role of the bacterial associates with the Heterorhabditis sp.

scholarly journals The role of phenols in the influence of herbal extracts from Salvia officinalis L. and Matricaria chamomilla L. on two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Tomczyk ◽  
Magdalena Suszko
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Tetranychus Urticae ◽  
Spider Mite ◽  
Spider Mites ◽  
Salvia Officinalis ◽  
Herbal Extracts ◽  
Matricaria Chamomilla ◽  
Two Spotted Spider Mite

The role of phenols in the influence of herbal extracts fromSalvia officinalisL. andMatricaria chamomillaL. on two-spotted spider miteTetranychus urticaeKochExtracts prepared from 2 medicinal herbs (common sageSalvia officinalisL. and German chamomileMatricaria chamomillaL.) were used in this study for biological control of spider mites. Their effect on mortality, fecundity, and development ofTetranychus urticaeKoch on English ivy (Hedera helixL.) was studied under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. The extracts were prepared by soaking freshSalvialeaves or dryMatricariaflowers in ethanol for 24 h, followed by evaporation, and finally suspension of the pellets in water. Full extracts and extracts without phenols were tested. TheSalviaextracts had a higher acaricidal activity thanMatricariaextracts, but the toxicity of both extracts to spider mite eggs was low. The toxic effect of fullSalviaextracts on larval stages and females ofT. urticaewas evident. More than 50% of larvae and females were killed by this treatment in 4 days. Besides, total fecundity of survived females was evidently lower. Mortality and low fecundity after fullSalviaextract application decreased the spider mite population by 76%. The toxicity ofSalviaextracts after removal of phenols strongly declined, so the negative effect of the fullSalviaextract on spider mites was connected with a high concentration of phenolic compounds. The toxic effect ofMatricariaextracts in all tests was much lower and no evident role of phenolic compounds in its extracts was observed.

scholarly journals Developmental Aspects of SARS-CoV-2, Potential Role of Exosomes and Their Impact on the Human Transcriptome

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Navneet Dogra ◽  
Carmen Ledesma-Feliciano ◽  
Rwik Sen
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Host Tissue ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Rna Transcripts ◽  
Immune Related Genes ◽  
Pregnant Mothers

With over 4.8 million deaths within 2 years, time is of the essence in combating COVID-19. The infection now shows devastating impacts on the younger population, who were not previously predicted to be vulnerable, such as in the older population. COVID-19-related complications have been reported in neonates whose mothers were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during pregnancy, and in children who get infected. Hence, a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of COVID-19 during various developmental stages and placental transmission is essential. Although a connection has not yet been established between exosomal trafficking and the placental transmission of COVID-19, reports indicate that SARS-CoV-2 components may be trafficked between cells through exosomes. As the infection spreads, the transcriptome of cells is drastically perturbed, e.g., through the severe upregulation of several immune-related genes. Consequently, a major outcome of COVID-19 is an elevated immune response and the detection of viral RNA transcripts in host tissue. In this direction, this review focuses on SARS-CoV-2 virology, its in utero transmission from infected pregnant mothers to fetuses, SARS-CoV-2 and exosomal cellular trafficking, transcriptomic impacts, and RNA-mediated therapeutics against COVID-19. Future research will establish stronger connections between the above processes to develop diagnostic and therapeutic solutions towards COVID-19 and similar viral outbreaks.

Untapped sponge microbiomes: structure specificity at host order and family levels

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Yang ◽  
Christopher M M Franco ◽  
Hou-Wen Lin ◽  
Wei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Species Level ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Class Level ◽  
Microbial Resources ◽  
Host Phylogeny ◽  
Shared Otus ◽  
Primer Sets ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Unique Otus

ABSTRACT Sponges are complex holobionts in which the structure of the microbiome has seldom been characterized above the host species level. The hypothesis tested in this study is that the structure of the sponge microbiomes is specific to the host at the order and family levels. This was done by using 33 sponge species belonging to 19 families representing five orders. A combination of three primer sets covering the V1-V8 regions of the 16S rRNA gene provided a more comprehensive coverage of the microbiomes. Both the diversity and structure of sponge microbiomes were demonstrated to be highly specific to the host phylogeny at the order and family levels. There are always dominant operational taxonomic units (OTUs) (relative abundance >1%) shared between microbial communities of sponges within the same family or order, but these shared OTUs showed high levels of dissimilarity between different sponge families and orders. The unique OTUs for a particular sponge family or order could be regarded as their ‘signature identity’. 70%–87% of these unique OTUs (class level) are unaffiliated and represent a vast resource of untapped microbiota. This study contributes to a deeper understanding on the concept of host-specificity of sponge microbiomes and highlights a hidden reservoir of sponge-associated microbial resources.

scholarly journals Molecular analysis of Blastocystis sp. and its subtypes from treated wastewater routinely used for irrigation of vegetable farmlands in Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 837-844 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ehsan Javanmard ◽  
Hanieh Mohammad Rahimi ◽  
Maryam Niyyati ◽  
Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei ◽  
Meysam Sharifdini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Blastocystis Sp ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Abstract Treated wastewater samples were collected, filtered using sterile 47-mm cellulose nitrate membrane and DNA extracted from the filtered materials. The presence of Blastocystis sp. was confirmed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the SSU rRNA gene of Blastocystis sp. in 5/12 of samples. Based on the subtype analysis after sequencing, 2, 2 and 1 of ST2, ST6 and ST8 were detected among the isolates, respectively. Furthermore, both ST6s were allele 139, alleles 11 and 138 were identified in ST2 and the only ST8 was allele 95. The phylogenetic tree showed that one of ST2 was clustered together with those ST2 that were already reported from humans and animals. The presence of Blastocystis sp. in treated wastewater can indicate the potential role of this type of water for irrigation in the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms to downstream farmlands.

scholarly journals Bacterial diversity in the saliva of patients with different oral hygiene indexes

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Vianna Pereira ◽  
Luciana Leomil ◽  
Fabíola Rodrigues-Albuquerque ◽  
José Odair Pereira ◽  
Spartaco Astolfi-Filho
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
16S Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Diversity ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
High Index ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
Gene Libraries ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the bacterial diversity in the saliva of patients with different oral hygiene indexes using of two 16S rRNA gene libraries. Each library was composed of samples from patients with different averages of the differentiated Silness-Löe biofilm index: the first library (A) with an index between 1.0 and 3.0 (considered a high index) and the second library (B) between 0 and 0.5 (considered a low index). Saliva DNA was extracted and the 16S rRNA gene was amplified and cloned. The obtained sequences were compared with those stored at NCBI and RDP GenBank. The saliva of patients with high index presented five known genera - Streptococcus, Granulicatella, Gemella, Veillonella and Peptostreptococcus - and 33.3% of nonculturable bacteria grouped into 23 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The saliva of patients with low index differed significantly from the first library (p=0.000) and was composed of 42 OTUs distributed into 11 known genera - Streptococcus, Granulicatella, Gemella, Veillonella, Oribacterium, Haemophilus, Escherichia, Neisseria, Prevotella, Capnocytophaga, Actinomyces - including 24.87% of nonculturable bacteria. It was possible to conclude that there is greater bacterial diversity in the saliva of patients with low dental plaque in relation to patients with high dental plaque.

scholarly journals Bacterial Communities in Three Parts of Intestinal Tracts of Carpenter Bees (Xylocopa tenuiscapa)

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 497
Author(s):  
Phakamas Subta ◽  
Phongsathon Yodsuwan ◽  
Rujipas Yongsawas ◽  
Ammarin In-on ◽  
Natapot Warrit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Unit ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Functional Study ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Carpenter Bees ◽  
Dominant Bacteria ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

This study investigated different bacterial communities in three intestinal parts (foregut, midgut and hindgut) of Xylocopatenuiscapa to understand the roles of gut bacteria. Our phylogenetic analysis revealed that X. tenuiscapa is closely related to Xylocopa latipes. The 16S rRNA gene in the genomic DNA samples from the gut was examined by illumina (Solexa) and a total of 998 operational taxonomic unit (OTUs) clusters were found. Taxonomic classification identified 16 bacterial phyla and unclassified bacteria. The dominant bacteria taxa in the three parts of X. tenuiscapa gut were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria. In the foregut, Lactobacillales and Enterobacteriaceae were predominantly found. The population in the midgut was similar to that in the foregut, with the addition of Gilliamella, which was also abundant. The most dominant bacteria identified in the hindgut were similar to those in the midgut and Lactobacillales, Enterobacteriaceae, Gilliamella, Bifidobacteriaceae and Flavobacteriaceae appeared in abundance. Moreover, our results suggest that a community structure of bacteria in different parts of X. tenuiscapa’s gut may be an important indicator of carpenter bees’ health. This functional study of bacterial communities revealed significant differences among the three intestinal parts and is the first report of the gut bacteria structure in solitary bees.

scholarly journals Growth in Coculture Stimulates Metabolism of the Phenylurea Herbicide Isoproturon by Sphingomonas sp. Strain SRS2

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 3478-3485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian R. Sørensen ◽  
Zeev Ronen ◽  
Jens Aamand
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Soil Microflora ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Culture Studies ◽  
Phenylurea Herbicide ◽  
Previously Treated ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

ABSTRACT Metabolism of the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon by Sphingomonas sp. strain SRS2 was significantly enhanced when the strain was grown in coculture with a soil bacterium (designated strain SRS1). Both members of this consortium were isolated from a highly enriched isoproturon-degrading culture derived from an agricultural soil previously treated regularly with the herbicide. Based on analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, strain SRS1 was assigned to the β-subdivision of the proteobacteria and probably represents a new genus. Strain SRS1 was unable to degrade either isoproturon or its known metabolites 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1-methylurea, 3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-urea, or 4-isopropyl-aniline. Pure culture studies indicate that Sphingomonas sp. SRS2 is auxotrophic and requires components supplied by association with other soil bacteria. A specific mixture of amino acids appeared to meet these requirements, and it was shown that methionine was essential for Sphingomonas sp. SRS2. This suggests that strain SRS1 supplies amino acids to Sphingomonas sp. SRS2, thereby leading to rapid metabolism of 14C-labeled isoproturon to 14CO2 and corresponding growth of strain SRS2. Proliferation of strain SRS1 suggests that isoproturon metabolism by Sphingomonas sp. SRS2 provides unknown metabolites or cell debris that supports growth of strain SRS1. The role of strain SRS1 in the consortium was not ubiquitous among soil bacteria; however, the indigenous soil microflora and some strains from culture collections also stimulate isoproturon metabolism by Sphingomonas sp. strain SRS2 to a similar extent.

scholarly journals Microbiota Profile with Stunting Children in West Sumatera Province, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (E) ◽  
pp. 334-340
Author(s):  
Masrul Masrul ◽  
Doddy Izwardy ◽  
Ikhwan Resmala Sudji ◽  
Idral Purnakarya ◽  
Syahrial Syahrial ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Bioinformatic Analysis ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Dominant Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Dna ◽  
Bacterial Dna Extraction

BACKGROUND: Microbiota profile plays an important role in the growth of children. Recently, a number of microbiota profile studies have illustrated association with child stunting. AIM: Here, this study applied microbiota profile for stunting children in Indonesia to know a framework for future activities toward further characterization of microbiota profile contribution to stunting. METHODS: In this case–control study, we collected 96 samples with 48 stunting children and 48 non-stunting children in Pasaman and West Pasaman district as stunting locus areas in West Sumatra Province, Indonesia. All study subjects met the inclusion criteria: Children ≤3 years of age and they did not suffer from gastrointestinal disorders. Samples collected were then carried out by intestinal bacterial DNA extraction. All sequences were obtained from the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, which was amplified from microbial DNA extracted from a child fecal sample. Bioinformatic analysis of microbiota DNA sequencing results compared with the intestinal microbiota profile of infants. RESULTS: This study found in intestinal of stunting children identified 61 species of bacteria which were only found in the intestines of stunting children and not found in non-stunting children. The dominant bacteria in intestinal microbiota profile of Pasaman and West Pasaman district, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia, among stunting children were Firmicutes (47.52%), Proteobacteria (21.12%), and Bacteroidetes (16.15%). The high number of these microbiota associated with high amount of carbohydrate intake among stunting children than dietary protein. CONCLUSION: This study confirmed the role of microbiota profile in the incidence of stunting children.

scholarly journals Characterization of captive and wild 13-lined ground squirrel cecal microbiotas using Illumina-based sequencing

2022 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edna Chiang ◽  
Courtney L. Deblois ◽  
Hannah V. Carey ◽  
Garret Suen
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Beta Diversity ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Ground Squirrels ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Active Season ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Units ◽  
The 16S Rrna Gene

Abstract Background Hibernating animals experience extreme changes in diet that make them useful systems for understanding host-microbial symbioses. However, most of our current knowledge about the hibernator gut microbiota is derived from studies using captive animals. Given that there are substantial differences between captive and wild environments, conclusions drawn from studies with captive hibernators may not reflect the gut microbiota’s role in the physiology of wild animals. To address this, we used Illumina-based sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to compare the bacterial cecal microbiotas of captive and wild 13-lined ground squirrels (TLGS) in the summer. As the first study to use Illumina-based technology to compare the microbiotas of an obligate rodent hibernator across the year, we also reported changes in captive TLGS microbiotas in summer, winter, and spring. Results Wild TLGS microbiotas had greater richness and phylogenetic diversity with less variation in beta diversity when compared to captive microbiotas. Taxa identified as core operational taxonomic units (OTUs) and found to significantly contribute to differences in beta diversity were primarily in the families Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae. Captive TLGS microbiotas shared phyla and core OTUs across the year, but active season (summer and spring) microbiotas had different alpha and beta diversities than winter season microbiotas. Conclusions This is the first study to compare the microbiotas of captive and wild rodent hibernators. Our findings suggest that data from captive and wild ground squirrels should be interpreted separately due to their distinct microbiotas. Additionally, as the first study to compare seasonal microbiotas of obligate rodent hibernators using Illumina-based 16S rRNA sequencing, we reported changes in captive TLGS microbiotas that are consistent with previous work. Taken together, this study provides foundational information for improving the reproducibility and experimental design of future hibernation microbiota studies.

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