scholarly journals The right thalamus may play an important role in anesthesia-awakening regulation in frogs

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4516 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanzhu Fan ◽  
Xizi Yue ◽  
Fei Xue ◽  
Steven E. Brauth ◽  
Yezhong Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
South African ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Permutation Entropy ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
The Awakening ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
The Right

BackgroundPrevious studies have shown that the mammalian thalamus is a key structure for anesthesia-induced unconsciousness and anesthesia-awakening regulation. However, both the dynamic characteristics and probable lateralization of thalamic functioning during anesthesia-awakening regulation are not fully understood, and little is known of the evolutionary basis of the role of the thalamus in anesthesia-awakening regulation.MethodsAn amphibian species, the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis) was used in the present study. The frogs were immersed in triciane methanesulfonate (MS-222) for general anesthesia. Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals were recorded continuously from both sides of the telencephalon, diencephalon (thalamus) and mesencephalon during the pre-anesthesia stage, administration stage, recovery stage and post-anesthesia stage. EEG data was analyzed including calculation of approximate entropy (ApEn) and permutation entropy (PE).ResultsBoth ApEn and PE values differed significantly between anesthesia stages, with the highest values occurring during the awakening period and the lowest values during the anesthesia period. There was a significant correlation between the stage durations and ApEn or PE values during anesthesia-awakening cycle primarily for the right diencephalon (right thalamus). ApEn and PE values for females were significantly higher than those for males.DiscussionApEn and PE measurements are suitable for estimating depth of anesthesia and complexity of amphibian brain activity. The right thalamus appears physiologically positioned to play an important role in anesthesia-awakening regulation in frogs indicating an early evolutionary origin of the role of the thalamus in arousal and consciousness in land vertebrates. Sex differences exist in the neural regulation of general anesthesia in frogs.

scholarly journals Value and probability coding in a feedback-based learning task utilizing food rewards

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Tricomi ◽  
Karolina M. Lempert
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Complex Signal ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
The Right ◽  
Probability Information

For the consequences of our actions to guide behavior, the brain must represent different types of outcome-related information. For example, an outcome can be construed as negative because an expected reward was not delivered or because an outcome of low value was delivered. Thus behavioral consequences can differ in terms of the information they provide about outcome probability and value. We investigated the role of the striatum in processing probability-based and value-based negative feedback by training participants to associate cues with food rewards and then employing a selective satiety procedure to devalue one food outcome. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examined brain activity related to receipt of expected rewards, receipt of devalued outcomes, omission of expected rewards, omission of devalued outcomes, and expected omissions of an outcome. Nucleus accumbens activation was greater for rewarding outcomes than devalued outcomes, but activity in this region did not correlate with the probability of reward receipt. Activation of the right caudate and putamen, however, was largest in response to rewarding outcomes relative to expected omissions of reward. The dorsal striatum (caudate and putamen) at the time of feedback also showed a parametric increase correlating with the trialwise probability of reward receipt. Our results suggest that the ventral striatum is sensitive to the motivational relevance, or subjective value, of the outcome, while the dorsal striatum codes for a more complex signal that incorporates reward probability. Value and probability information may be integrated in the dorsal striatum, to facilitate action planning and allocation of effort.

scholarly journals Detection of Burst Suppression Patterns in EEG Using Recurrence Rate

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenhu Liang ◽  
Yinghua Wang ◽  
Yongshao Ren ◽  
Duan Li ◽  
Logan Voss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recurrence Rate ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Energy Operator ◽  
Burst Suppression ◽  
Multiple Comparison ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
Nonlinear Energy ◽  
Selection Of

Burst suppression is a unique electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern commonly seen in cases of severely reduced brain activity such as overdose of general anesthesia. It is important to detect burst suppression reliably during the administration of anesthetic or sedative agents, especially for cerebral-protective treatments in various neurosurgical diseases. This study investigates recurrent plot (RP) analysis for the detection of the burst suppression pattern (BSP) in EEG. The RP analysis is applied to EEG data containing BSPs collected from 14 patients. Firstly we obtain the best selection of parameters for RP analysis. Then, the recurrence rate (RR), determinism (DET), and entropy (ENTR) are calculated. Then RR was selected as the best BSP index one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple comparison tests. Finally, the performance of RR analysis is compared with spectral analysis, bispectral analysis, approximate entropy, and the nonlinear energy operator (NLEO). ANOVA and multiple comparison tests showed that the RR could detect BSP and that it was superior to other measures with the highest sensitivity of suppression detection (96.49%, P=0.03). Tracking BSP patterns is essential for clinical monitoring in critically ill and anesthetized patients. The purposed RR may provide an effective burst suppression detector for developing new patient monitoring systems.

scholarly journals Enabling the enabler: Using access to information to ensure the right to peaceful protest

2017 ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsangadzaome Alexander Mukumba ◽  
Imraan Abdullah
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Access To Information ◽  
The South ◽  
South African Police Service ◽  
South African Police ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Of Access ◽  
Responsible Person

The Regulation of Gatherings Act (RGA) places strict guidelines on how to exercise the right to protest, with particular emphasis on the submission of a notice of gathering to the responsible person within a municipality in terms of sections 2(4) and 3 of the Act. However, municipalities do not proactively make the notice of gathering templates available for public use (or may not have these at all), and often do not publicise the details of the designated responsible person. To test municipalities’ compliance with the RGA, the Legal Resources Centre (LRC) enlisted the help of the South African History Archive (SAHA) to submit a series of Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA) requests to every municipality in South Africa. PAIA requests were also submitted to the South African Police Service (SAPS) for records relating to public order policing. The initiative aimed to provide these templates and related documents to interested parties as an open source resource on the protestinfo.org.za website. The results of these efforts show that compliance with the RGA is uneven. This article explores the flaws in the regulatory environment that have led to this level of apathy within government, despite the crucial role of the right to protest and the right of access to information as enabling rights in our constitutional democracy. An analysis of the full PAIA request dataset shows the extent of government’s resistance to facilitating these enabling rights, and provides insights into remedial interventions. The article concludes with a series of recommendations, which centre on statutory reforms to the RGA and PAIA to ensure appropriate sanction for non-compliance by government, proactive disclosure of relevant information, and emergency provisions allowing curtailed procedural requirements. The intention of the proposed amendments is to minimise the possibility that these fundamental, enabling rights might be frustrated.

ACCURATE DETECTION OF SEIZURE USING NONLINEAR PARAMETERS EXTRACTED FROM EEG SIGNALS

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 1940004 ◽  
Author(s):  
JAHMUNAH VICNESH ◽  
YUKI HAGIWARA
Keyword(s):  
Kolmogorov Complexity ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Permutation Entropy ◽  
Cad System ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Nonlinear Features ◽  
Best Parameter ◽  
Value Decomposition

Electroencephalography (EEG) is the graphical recording of electrical activity along the scalp. The EEG signal monitors brain activity noninvasively with a high accuracy of milliseconds and provides valuable discernment about the brain’s state. It is also sensitive in detecting spikes in epilepsy. Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tools allow epilepsy to be diagnosed by evading invasive methods. This paper presents a novel CAD system for epilepsy using other linear features together with Hjorth’s nonlinear features such as mobility, complexity, activity and Kolmogorov complexity. The proposed method uses MATLAB software to extract the nonlinear features from the EEG data. The optimal features are selected using the statistical analysis, ANOVA (analysis of variance) test for classification. Once selected, they are fed into the decision tree (DT) for the classification of the different epileptic classes. The proposed method affirms that four nonlinear features, Kolmogorov complexity, singular value decomposition, mobility and permutation entropy are sufficient to provide the highest accuracy of 93%, sensitivity of 97%, specificity of 88% and positive predictive value (PPV) of 94%, with the DT classifier. The mean value is the highest in the ictal stage for the Kolmogorov complexity proving it to have the best variation. It also has the highest [Formula: see text]-value of 300.439 portraying it to be the best parameter that is favourable for the clinical diagnosis of epilepsy, when used together with the DT classifier, for a duration of 23.6[Formula: see text]s of EEG data.

Ordinal Pattern Based Complexity Analysis for EEG Activity Evoked by Manual Acupuncture in Healthy Subjects

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (02) ◽  
pp. 1450018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guosheng Yi ◽  
Jiang Wang ◽  
Kai-Ming Tsang ◽  
Wai-Lok Chan ◽  
Xile Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Pain Treatment ◽  
Complexity Analysis ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Permutation Entropy ◽  
Manual Acupuncture ◽  
Nonlinear Complexity ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Neurophysiological Mechanisms ◽  
Ordinal Patterns

Manual acupuncture (MA) is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine clinic for pain treatment and controlling stress. To investigate how MA modulates brain activities, electroencephalograph (EEG) signals are recorded with 20 channels by MA at ST36 of right leg in 11 healthy subjects during rest. Two novel nonlinear measures based on ordinal patterns of EEG series, i.e. permutation entropy (PE) and order index (OI), are adopted to investigate the nonlinear complexity characteristic in EEG data at different acupuncture states. It is observed that the recorded EEG series during and after MA have higher PE values and lower OI values compared to before MA. The results show that MA at ST36 can increase EEG complexity, which is especially obvious during MA. Our findings suggest that the PE and OI measures are promising methods to reveal EEG dynamical changes associated with MA stimulus, which could provide a potential for further exploring the interactions between acupuncture and brain activity. Moreover, these preliminary conclusions highlight the beneficial modulations of brain activity by MA, which could contribute to understanding the acupuncture effects on brain, as well as the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying MA.

scholarly journals EEG and fMRI Correlates of Insight: A Pilot Study

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 330
Author(s):  
Gennady G. Knyazev ◽  
Vadim L. Ushakov ◽  
Vyacheslav A. Orlov ◽  
Denis G. Malakhov ◽  
Sergey I. Kartashov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Fmri Data ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Analytical Step ◽  
Remote Association ◽  
The Right ◽  
Increased Activity

Insight is described as the sudden solution of a problem and is contrasted with an analytical, step-by-step approach. Traditionally, insight is thought to be associated with activity of the right hemisphere, whereas analytical solutions are thought to be associated with activity of the left hemisphere. However, empirical evidence as to the localization of insight-related brain activity is mixed and inconclusive. Some studies seem to confirm the traditional view, whereas others do not. Moreover, results of EEG and fMRI studies frequently contradict each other. In this study, EEG and fMRI data were recorded while subjects performed the remote association test and for each solved problem were asked to report whether the solution was reached analytically or insightfully. The data were analyzed in a 16-second fragment preceding the subject’s response. Source localization techniques were used in the analysis of EEG data. Based on EEG data, insightful as compared to analytical problem solving was accompanied by high-frequency synchronization in semantic cortical areas of the left hemisphere 10–12 s before the subject’s response. Based on fMRI data, however, insightful solutions were accompanied by increased activity in frontal and temporal regions of the right hemisphere. The results are interpreted in terms of different cognitive processes involved in insightful problem solving, which could be differently reflected in EEG and fMRI data.

scholarly journals The role of reading experience in atypical cortical tracking of speech and speech-in-noise in dyslexia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Destoky ◽  
Julie Bertels ◽  
Maxime Niesen ◽  
Vincent Wens ◽  
Marc Vander Ghinst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Acoustic Noise ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Reading Level ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Reading Experience ◽  
Speech In Noise ◽  
The Right

Dyslexia is a frequent developmental disorder in which reading acquisition is delayed and that is usually associated with difficulties understanding speech in noise. At the neuronal level, children with dyslexia were reported to display abnormal cortical tracking of speech (CTS) at phrasal rate. Here, we aimed to determine if abnormal tracking is a cause or a consequence of dyslexia and if it is modulated by the severity of dyslexia or the presence of acoustic noise. We included 26 school-age children with dyslexia, 26 age-matched controls and 26 reading-level matched controls. All were native French speakers. Children's brain activity was recorded with magnetoencephalography while they listened to continuous speech in noiseless and multiple noise conditions. CTS values were compared between groups, conditions and hemispheres, and also within groups, between children with best and worse reading performance. Syllabic CTS was significantly reduced in the right superior temporal gyrus in children with dyslexia compared with controls matched for age but not for reading level. Among children with dyslexia, phrasal CTS tended to lateralize to the left hemisphere in severe dyslexia and lateralized to the right hemisphere in children with mild dyslexia and in all control groups. Finally, phrasal CTS was lower in children with dyslexia compared with age-matched controls, but only in informational noise conditions. No such effect was seen in comparison with reading-level matched controls. Overall, our results confirmed the finding of altered neuronal basis of speech perception in noiseless and babble noise conditions in dyslexia compared with age-matched peers. However, the absence of alteration in comparison with reading-level matched controls suggests that such alterations are a consequence of reduced reading experience rather than a cause of dyslexia.

scholarly journals Lawyering protest - critique and creativity: Where to from here in the public interest legal sector?

2017 ◽  
pp. 7-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Chamberlain ◽  
Gina Snyman
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Space ◽  
The South ◽  
The Public ◽  
Emerging Themes ◽  
The Right ◽  
State Responses

Frequent protests, arising from a diversity of motivations, are a feature of the South African landscape. Despite the right to protest being entrenched in section 17 of the Constitution, it is under threat, and communities seeking to protest increasingly risk criminalisation. This article identifies some of the emerging themes in the protest landscape and the way the right to protest is being suppressed. Four dominant themes are highlighted through the lens of the experiences of the public interest legal sector: the conflation of notification and permission; heavy-handed state responses to protests; the abuse of bail procedures; and the use of interdicts. Law has become at least one of the sites of contestation in the protest arena. The political space held open by the existence of the right to protest is thus closing as a result of violations of this right. It is therefore both useful and necessary to interrogate the role of lawyers in such contestation. This article also examines the context and nature of the public interest legal sector’s response to these emerging themes.

Nonlinear Signal Processing Techniques Applied to EEG Measurements

2011 ◽  
pp. 324-338
Author(s):  
Christos L. Papadelis ◽  
Chrysoula Koutidou-Papadeli ◽  
Panagiotis D. Bamidis ◽  
Nicos Maglaveras
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Approximate Entropy ◽  
Fluctuation Analysis ◽  
Linear Measurements ◽  
Nonlinear Signal Processing ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Eeg Data ◽  
Nitrogen Mixture ◽  
Nonlinear Signal ◽  
Processing Techniques

The electrical activity of the brain is sensitive to its oxygen supply, and electroencephalography (EEG) has been proposed as a suitable measurement to detect brain activity alterations induced by hypoxia. Since, linear processing techniques that have been used so far in hypoxia studies are based on false linearity assumptions about the generation of the EEG signal, there is a definite need for nonlinear approaches to be applied on EEG data derived from hypoxic conditions. The aim of the present study is to compare nonlinear techniques’ effectiveness to identify significant variations in EEG due to hypoxia. EEG data from two channels were derived from ten healthy subjects participated in the present study. Oxygen and nitrogen mixture was used to simulate hypoxic conditions that correspond to an altitude of 25.000 feet. Non-linear measurements such as correlation dimension, approximate entropy, Lyapunov exponent and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) parameters were estimated for EEG signals. The results of the present study confirm the effectiveness of nonlinear techniques to identify significant variations in EEG, which reflect alterations in cerebral function induced by cerebral hypoxic conditions.

scholarly journals Dreaming the unrepressed unconscious and beyond: repression vs dissociation in the oneiric functioning of severe patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Scalabrini ◽  
Clara Mucci ◽  
Rosy Esposito
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Left Brain ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Borderline Patients ◽  
The Right ◽  
Source Of Information

Starting with Freud and Jung, dreams have always been considered a core source of information for psychoanalysis. Nowadays, neuroscientific findings suggest that dreams are related especially to limbic and right emotional brain circuit, and that during REM stages they engage self-related and visual internally generated processing. These neuroscientific findings together with contemporary psychoanalysis suggest that dreams are related to the sense of self and serve the purpose of re-integrating and re-structuring the integrity of the psyche. However, while dreams are still viewed as ‘the via regia to the unconscious’, it is the unconscious that has been reconsidered. The repressed unconscious seems to be related with left brain activity while the unrepressed unconscious based on dissociation seems to be associated with limbic and cortical areas of the right hemisphere. This notion of the unconscious might be seen as an implicit self-system encoded in the right brain that evolves in the interaction with a primary caregiver developing through preverbal and bodily stages of maturation enhanced by signals of dual communication. What kind of dreams for which unconscious? What are the differences regarding the capacity to dream for neurotic and borderline personality organizations? Our research aims to integrate psychodynamics, infant research, and neuroscientific findings to better understand the role of dreams in the assessment and treatment of, especially, traumatized and borderline patients. The capacity to dream is here proposed as a sort of enacted manifestation of emotional memories for the development of a more cohesive, coherent and symbolic vs fragmented, diffuse and alexithymic sense of self.

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