scholarly journals The effect of personality measurement conditions on spontaneous swimming behavior in the pale chub Zacco platypus (Cyprinidae)

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e8736
Author(s):  
Shi-Jian Fu
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Swimming Speed ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Spontaneous Movement ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Zacco Platypus ◽  
Percent Time ◽  
Imaginary Object ◽  
Pale Chub ◽  
Positive Correlations

Studies on personality have revealed that some personality traits are strongly correlated; thus, researchers may be able to acquire data for variables related to different personality traits from one measurement. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to test whether spontaneous movement traits used in fish personality measurements are correlated or vary among different contexts in a common Chinese cyprinid fish, the pale chub (Zacco platypus, Cyprinidae). The median swimming speed, percent time spent moving and median turning rate were measured in a boldness context (with a shelter available), then in an exploration context (with a novel object nearby) and finally in a control context (i.e., with no shelter or novel object). The median swimming speed, percent time spent moving, and median turning rate all showed positive correlations between the control and the other two contexts, which suggests that future studies might use spontaneous swimming variables measured in exploration or boldness contexts to avoid the need to carry out a separate activity test. Further analysis comparing the distance to and latency to explore the novel object between the exploration context (with the novel object present) and control context (with an imaginary object at the same position) showed that the amount of time it took for the fish to first reach the object for exploration was significantly shorter in an exploration context than in a control context. This suggests that latency to explore might be useful as a variable indicating exploration in the pale chub in the future.

scholarly journals Personality and the retention of neophobic predator avoidance in wild caught Trinidadian guppies

Behaviour ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 155 (4) ◽  
pp. 265-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grant E. Brown ◽  
Pierre J.C. Chuard ◽  
Ebony E.M. Demers ◽  
Indar W. Ramnarine ◽  
Douglas P. Chivers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Avoidance Response ◽  
Predator Avoidance ◽  
Initial Response ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Risk Of Predation

Abstract Neophobic predator avoidance allows prey to reduce the risk of predation but is costly in terms of reduced foraging or courtship opportunities if the novel cues do not represent an actual threat. Consequently, neophobic responses to novel cues should wane with repeated exposures in the absence of an actual threat. We tested the prediction that individual personality traits shape the retention of neophobic predator avoidance in wild-caught guppies. Using extinction trials, we demonstrate that personality (measured as latency to escape or approach a novel object) did not influence the initial response of wild-caught Trinidadian guppies to a novel odour; bolder and shyer guppies both exhibited similarly strong avoidance responses. However, after several exposures, shyer guppies maintain an avoidance response, and bolder guppies no longer respond. Our results highlight the complex nature of the antipredator algorithm of prey, whereby past experience, acute risk, and individual tactics shape neophobic predator avoidance patterns.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Reaction to a Complex Rotated Object in the American Quarter Horse (Equus caballus)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1383
Author(s):  
Megan Elizabeth Corgan ◽  
Temple Grandin ◽  
Sarah Matlock
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Equus Caballus ◽  
T Test ◽  
Complex Object ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Quarter Horse ◽  
First Pass ◽  
Young Horses ◽  
Familiar Objects

It is dangerous for both riders and horses when a horse suddenly startles. Sometimes horses do this in familiar environments because familiar objects may look different when rotated. The purpose of this study was to determine whether horses that had been habituated to a complex object (children’s playset) would react to the object as novel when rotated 90 degrees. Twenty young horses were led past the playset 15 times by a handler. Next, the rotated group was led past the rotated playset 15 times. Each time the horse was led by the object was a pass. The behavioral responses observed and analyzed were ears focused on the object, nostril flares, neck raising, snort, avoid by stopping, avoid by moving feet sideways, and avoid by flight. An increasing reactivity scale was used to quantify behavioral responses. A two-sample t-test was performed on the reactivity scores comparing the first pass by the novel object to the first pass by the rotated object. The horses in the rotated group reacted to the rotated orientation similarly to the first exposure (p = 0.001, α < 0.05). Being aware of potential reactions to changes in previously familiar environments can help keep the handler safer.

scholarly journals Disfluencies signal reference to novel objects for adults but not children

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 581-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah J. OWENS ◽  
Justine M. THACKER ◽  
Susan A. GRAHAM
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Filled Pauses ◽  
Novel Objects ◽  
Novel Targets ◽  
The Way ◽  
Familiar Objects

AbstractSpeech disfluencies can guide the ways in which listeners interpret spoken language. Here, we examined whether three-year-olds, five-year-olds, and adults use filled pauses to anticipate that a speaker is likely to refer to a novel object. Across three experiments, participants were presented with pairs of novel and familiar objects and heard a speaker refer to one of the objects using a fluent (“Look at the ball/lep!”) or disfluent (“Look at thee uh ball/lep!”) expression. The salience of the speaker's unfamiliarity with the novel referents, and the way in which the speaker referred to the novel referents (i.e., a noun vs. a description) varied across experiments. Three- and five-year-olds successfully identified familiar and novel targets, but only adults’ looking patterns reflected increased looks to novel objects in the presence of a disfluency. Together, these findings demonstrate that adults, but not young children, use filled pauses to anticipate reference to novel objects.

scholarly journals Social Factors Influence Behavior in the Novel Object Recognition Task in a Mouse Model of Down Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesar Sierra ◽  
Ilario De Toma ◽  
Lorenzo Lo Cascio ◽  
Esteban Vegas ◽  
Mara Dierssen
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Object Recognition ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Novel Object Recognition ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Novel Object

The use of mouse models has revolutionized the field of Down syndrome (DS), increasing our knowledge about neuropathology and helping to propose new therapies for cognitive impairment. However, concerns about the reproducibility of results in mice and their translatability to humans have become a major issue, and controlling for moderators of behavior is essential. Social and environmental factors, the experience of the researcher, and the sex and strain of the animals can all have effects on behavior, and their impact on DS mouse models has not been explored. Here we analyzed the influence of a number of social and environmental factors, usually not taken into consideration, on the behavior of male and female wild-type and trisomic mice (the Ts65Dn model) in one of the most used tests for proving drug effects on memory, the novel object recognition (NOR) test. Using principal component analysis and correlation matrices, we show that the ratio of trisomic mice in the cage, the experience of the experimenter, and the timing of the test have a differential impact on male and female and on wild-type and trisomic behavior. We conclude that although the NOR test is quite robust and less susceptible to environmental influences than expected, to obtain useful results, the phenotype expression must be contrasted against the influences of social and environmental factors.

scholarly journals Uh and euh signal novelty for monolinguals and bilinguals: Evidence from children and adults (PREPRINT)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Morin-Lessard ◽  
Krista Byers-Heinlein
Keyword(s):  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Preferential Looking ◽  
French Study ◽  
Phonetic Realization ◽  
English Monolingual

Previous research suggests that English monolingual children and adults can use speech disfluencies (e.g., uh) to predict that a speaker will name a novel object. To understand the origins of this ability, we tested 48 32-month-old children (monolingual English, monolingual French, bilingual English-French; Study 1) and 16 adults (bilingual English-French; Study 2). Our design leveraged the distinct realizations of English (uh) versus French (euh) disfluencies. In a preferential-looking paradigm, participants saw familiar-novel object pairs (e.g., doll-rel), labeled in either Fluent (“Look at the doll/rel!”), Disfluent Language-consistent (“Look at thee uh doll/rel!”), or Disfluent Language-inconsistent (“Look at thee euh doll/rel!”) sentences. All participants looked more at the novel object when hearing disfluencies, irrespective of their phonetic realization. These results suggest that listeners from different language backgrounds harness disfluencies to comprehend day-to-day speech, possibly by attending to their lengthening as a signal of speaker uncertainty. Stimuli and data are available at https://osf.io/qn6px/.

scholarly journals Cbsoverdosage is necessary and sufficient to induce cognitive phenotypes in mouse models of Down syndrome and interacts genetically withDyrk1a

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien Marechal ◽  
Véronique Brault ◽  
Alice Leon ◽  
Dehren Martin ◽  
Patricia Lopes Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Object Recognition ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Actin Cytoskeleton ◽  
Epistatic Interaction ◽  
Novel Object Recognition ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Novel Object ◽  
Cystathionine Beta Synthase ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

ABSTRACTIdentifying dosage sensitive genes is a key to understand the mechanisms underlying intellectual disability in Down syndrome (DS). The Dp(17Abcg1-Cbs)1Yah DS mouse model (Dp1Yah) show cognitive phenotype and needs to be investigated to identify the main genetic driver. Here, we report that, in the Dp1Yah mice, 3 copies of the Cystathionine-beta-synthase gene (Cbs)are necessary to observe a deficit in the novel object recognition (NOR) paradigm. Moreover, the overexpression ofCbsalone is sufficient to induce NOR deficit. Accordingly targeting the overexpression of human CBS, specifically in Camk2a-expressing neurons, leads to impaired objects discrimination. Altogether this shows thatCbsoverdosage is involved in DS learning and memory phenotypes. In order to go further, we identified compounds that interfere with the phenotypical consequence of CBS overdosage in yeast. Pharmacological intervention in the Tg(CBS) with one selected compound restored memory in the novel object recognition. In addition, using a genetic approach, we demonstrated an epistatic interaction betweenCbsandDyrk1a, another human chromosome 21 gene encoding the dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1a and an already known target for DS therapeutic intervention. Further analysis using proteomic approaches highlighted several pathways, including synaptic transmission, cell projection morphogenesis, and actin cytoskeleton, that are affected by DYRK1A and CBS overexpression. Overall we demonstrated that CBS overdosage underpins the DS-related recognition memory deficit and that bothCBSandDYRK1Ainteract to control accurate memory processes in DS. In addition, our study establishes CBS as an intervention point for treating intellectual deficiencies linked to DS.SIGNIFICANT STATEMENTHere, we investigated a region homologous to Hsa21 and located on mouse chromosome 17. We demonstrated using three independent genetic approaches that the overdosage of the Cystathionine-beta-synthase gene (Cbs) gene, encoded in the segment, is necessary and sufficient to induce deficit in novel object recognition (NR).In addition, we identified compounds that interfere with the phenotypical consequence of CBS overdosage in yeast and in mouse transgenic lines. Then we analyzed the relation between Cbs overdosage and the consequence of DYRK1a overexpression, a main driver of another region homologous to Hsa21 and we demonstrated that an epistatic interaction exist betweenCbsandDyrk1aaffecting different pathways, including synaptic transmission, cell projection morphogenesis, and actin cytoskeleton.

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