scholarly journals Developments in marine invertebrate primary culture reveal novel cell morphologies in the model bivalve Crassostrea gigas

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9180
Author(s):  
Robert W.A. Potts ◽  
Alejandro P. Gutierrez ◽  
Yennifer Cortés-Araya ◽  
Ross D. Houston ◽  
Tim P. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Pacific Oyster ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Mantle Tissue ◽  
Wide Range

Cell culture provides useful model systems used in a wide range of biological applications, but its utility in marine invertebrates is limited due to the lack of immortalised cell lines. Primary cell and tissue cultures are typically used but remain poorly characterised for oysters, which can cause issues with experimental consistency and reproducibility. Improvements to methods of repeatable isolation, culture, and characterisation of oyster cells and tissues are required to help address these issues. In the current study, systematic improvements have been developed to facilitate the culture of primary cells from adult Pacific oyster tissues and identify novel cell morphologies that have not been reported previously. Cultures analysed by light microscopy, qPCR, and live cell imaging demonstrated maintenance of live, metabolically active Pacific oyster cells for several weeks post-explant. Interestingly, whole hearts dissected from adult oysters were found to continue contracting rhythmically up to 8 weeks after being transferred to a tissue culture system. Mantle tissue explants were also actively moving in the culture system. These improvements in primary cell culture of bivalves may be beneficial for research in ecotoxicology, virology, immunology, and genetic resistance to disease.

scholarly journals Neurotoxicity in Marine Invertebrates: An Update

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Irene Deidda ◽  
Roberta Russo ◽  
Rosa Bonaventura ◽  
Caterina Costa ◽  
Francesca Zito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Neural Genes ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Neurotoxic Effects ◽  
Invertebrate Model

Invertebrates represent about 95% of existing species, and most of them belong to aquatic ecosystems. Marine invertebrates are found at intermediate levels of the food chain and, therefore, they play a central role in the biodiversity of ecosystems. Furthermore, these organisms have a short life cycle, easy laboratory manipulation, and high sensitivity to marine pollution and, therefore, they are considered to be optimal bioindicators for assessing detrimental chemical agents that are related to the marine environment and with potential toxicity to human health, including neurotoxicity. In general, albeit simple, the nervous system of marine invertebrates is composed of neuronal and glial cells, and it exhibits biochemical and functional similarities with the vertebrate nervous system, including humans. In recent decades, new genetic and transcriptomic technologies have made the identification of many neural genes and transcription factors homologous to those in humans possible. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and altered levels of neurotransmitters are some of the aspects of neurotoxic effects that can also occur in marine invertebrate organisms. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of major marine pollutants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and micro and nano-plastics, with a focus on their neurotoxic effects in marine invertebrate organisms. This review could be a stimulus to bio-research towards the use of invertebrate model systems other than traditional, ethically questionable, time-consuming, and highly expensive mammalian models.

A magnetic three‐dimensional levitated primary cell culture system for the development of secretory salivary gland‐like organoids

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joao N. Ferreira ◽  
Riasat Hasan ◽  
Ganokon Urkasemsin ◽  
Kiaw K. Ng ◽  
Christabella Adine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Salivary Gland ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Primary Cell Culture ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Cell Culture System

scholarly journals Ontogenetic Survey of Histone Modifications in an Annelid

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenys Gibson ◽  
Corban Hart ◽  
Robyn Pierce ◽  
Vett Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Early Cleavage ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Common Time ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Development And Differentiation

Histone modifications are widely recognized for their fundamental importance in regulating gene expression in embryonic development in a wide range of eukaryotes, but they have received relatively little attention in the development of marine invertebrates. We surveyed histone modifications throughout the development of a marine annelid, Polydora cornuta, to determine if modifications could be detected immunohistochemically and if there were characteristic changes in modifications throughout ontogeny (surveyed at representative stages from oocyte to adult). We found a common time of onset for three histone modifications in early cleavage (H3K14ac, H3K9me, and H3K4me2), some differences in the distribution of modifications among germ layers, differences in epifluorescence intensity in specific cell lineages suggesting that hyperacetylation (H3K14ac) and hypermethylation (H3K9me) occur during differentiation, and an overall decrease in the distribution of modifications from larvae to adults. Although preliminary, these results suggest that histone modifications are involved in activating early development and differentiation in a marine invertebrate.

scholarly journals Host-Microbe Coevolution: Applying Evidence from Model Systems to Complex Marine Invertebrate Holobionts

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. O’Brien ◽  
Nicole S. Webster ◽  
David J. Miller ◽  
David G. Bourne
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Microbial Symbionts ◽  
Deterministic Components ◽  
Neutral Models ◽  
Research Criteria

ABSTRACTMarine invertebrates often host diverse microbial communities, making it difficult to identify important symbionts and to understand how these communities are structured. This complexity has also made it challenging to assign microbial functions and to unravel the myriad of interactions among the microbiota. Here we propose to address these issues by applying evidence from model systems of host-microbe coevolution to complex marine invertebrate microbiomes. Coevolution is the reciprocal adaptation of one lineage in response to another and can occur through the interaction of a host and its beneficial symbiont. A classic indicator of coevolution is codivergence of host and microbe, and evidence of this is found in both corals and sponges. Metabolic collaboration between host and microbe is often linked to codivergence and appears likely in complex holobionts, where microbial symbionts can interact with host cells through production and degradation of metabolic compounds. Neutral models are also useful to distinguish selected microbes against a background population consisting predominately of random associates. Enhanced understanding of the interactions between marine invertebrates and their microbial communities is urgently required as coral reefs face unprecedented local and global pressures and as active restoration approaches, including manipulation of the microbiome, are proposed to improve the health and tolerance of reef species. On the basis of a detailed review of the literature, we propose three research criteria for examining coevolution in marine invertebrates: (i) identifying stochastic and deterministic components of the microbiome, (ii) assessing codivergence of host and microbe, and (iii) confirming the intimate association based on shared metabolic function.

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