scholarly journals Host-Microbe Coevolution: Applying Evidence from Model Systems to Complex Marine Invertebrate Holobionts

mBio ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. O’Brien ◽  
Nicole S. Webster ◽  
David J. Miller ◽  
David G. Bourne
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Background Population ◽  
Microbial Symbionts ◽  
Deterministic Components ◽  
Neutral Models ◽  
Research Criteria

ABSTRACTMarine invertebrates often host diverse microbial communities, making it difficult to identify important symbionts and to understand how these communities are structured. This complexity has also made it challenging to assign microbial functions and to unravel the myriad of interactions among the microbiota. Here we propose to address these issues by applying evidence from model systems of host-microbe coevolution to complex marine invertebrate microbiomes. Coevolution is the reciprocal adaptation of one lineage in response to another and can occur through the interaction of a host and its beneficial symbiont. A classic indicator of coevolution is codivergence of host and microbe, and evidence of this is found in both corals and sponges. Metabolic collaboration between host and microbe is often linked to codivergence and appears likely in complex holobionts, where microbial symbionts can interact with host cells through production and degradation of metabolic compounds. Neutral models are also useful to distinguish selected microbes against a background population consisting predominately of random associates. Enhanced understanding of the interactions between marine invertebrates and their microbial communities is urgently required as coral reefs face unprecedented local and global pressures and as active restoration approaches, including manipulation of the microbiome, are proposed to improve the health and tolerance of reef species. On the basis of a detailed review of the literature, we propose three research criteria for examining coevolution in marine invertebrates: (i) identifying stochastic and deterministic components of the microbiome, (ii) assessing codivergence of host and microbe, and (iii) confirming the intimate association based on shared metabolic function.

scholarly journals Neurotoxicity in Marine Invertebrates: An Update

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Irene Deidda ◽  
Roberta Russo ◽  
Rosa Bonaventura ◽  
Caterina Costa ◽  
Francesca Zito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Neural Genes ◽  
Chemical Agents ◽  
Neurotoxic Effects ◽  
Invertebrate Model

Invertebrates represent about 95% of existing species, and most of them belong to aquatic ecosystems. Marine invertebrates are found at intermediate levels of the food chain and, therefore, they play a central role in the biodiversity of ecosystems. Furthermore, these organisms have a short life cycle, easy laboratory manipulation, and high sensitivity to marine pollution and, therefore, they are considered to be optimal bioindicators for assessing detrimental chemical agents that are related to the marine environment and with potential toxicity to human health, including neurotoxicity. In general, albeit simple, the nervous system of marine invertebrates is composed of neuronal and glial cells, and it exhibits biochemical and functional similarities with the vertebrate nervous system, including humans. In recent decades, new genetic and transcriptomic technologies have made the identification of many neural genes and transcription factors homologous to those in humans possible. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and altered levels of neurotransmitters are some of the aspects of neurotoxic effects that can also occur in marine invertebrate organisms. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of major marine pollutants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and micro and nano-plastics, with a focus on their neurotoxic effects in marine invertebrate organisms. This review could be a stimulus to bio-research towards the use of invertebrate model systems other than traditional, ethically questionable, time-consuming, and highly expensive mammalian models.

scholarly journals Developments in marine invertebrate primary culture reveal novel cell morphologies in the model bivalve Crassostrea gigas

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9180
Author(s):  
Robert W.A. Potts ◽  
Alejandro P. Gutierrez ◽  
Yennifer Cortés-Araya ◽  
Ross D. Houston ◽  
Tim P. Bean
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Culture System ◽  
Pacific Oyster ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Primary Cell ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Mantle Tissue ◽  
Wide Range

Cell culture provides useful model systems used in a wide range of biological applications, but its utility in marine invertebrates is limited due to the lack of immortalised cell lines. Primary cell and tissue cultures are typically used but remain poorly characterised for oysters, which can cause issues with experimental consistency and reproducibility. Improvements to methods of repeatable isolation, culture, and characterisation of oyster cells and tissues are required to help address these issues. In the current study, systematic improvements have been developed to facilitate the culture of primary cells from adult Pacific oyster tissues and identify novel cell morphologies that have not been reported previously. Cultures analysed by light microscopy, qPCR, and live cell imaging demonstrated maintenance of live, metabolically active Pacific oyster cells for several weeks post-explant. Interestingly, whole hearts dissected from adult oysters were found to continue contracting rhythmically up to 8 weeks after being transferred to a tissue culture system. Mantle tissue explants were also actively moving in the culture system. These improvements in primary cell culture of bivalves may be beneficial for research in ecotoxicology, virology, immunology, and genetic resistance to disease.

On the Chemical Form of Mercury in Edible Fish and Marine Invertebrate Tissue

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1010-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas S. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Total Mercury ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Chemical Form ◽  
Weight Basis ◽  
Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Atomic Fluorescence ◽  
Saltwater Fish ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Wet Weight

Total mercury, monomethylmercury (CH3Hg), and dimethylmercury ((CH3)2Hg) in edible muscle were examined in 229 samples, representing seven freshwater and eight saltwater fish species and several species of marine invertebrates using ultraclean techniques. Total mercury was determined by hot HNO3/H2SO4/BrClldigestion, SnCl2 reduction, purging onto gold, and analysis by cold vapor atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CVAFS). Methylmercury was determined by KOH/methanol digestion using aqueous phase ethylation, cryogenic gas chromatography, and CVAFS detection. Total mercury and CH3Hg concentrations varied from 0.011 to 2.78 μg∙g−1 (wet weight basis, as Hg) for all samples, while no sample contained detectable (CH3)2Hg (<0.001 μg∙g−1 as Hg). The observed proportion of total mercury (as CH3Hg) ranged from 69 to 132%, with a relative standard deviation for quintuplicate analysis of about 10%; nearly all of this variability can be explained by the analytical variability of total mercury and CH3Hg. Poorly homogenized samples showed greater variability, primarily because total mercury and CH3Hg were measured on separate aliquots, which vary in mercury concentration, not speciation. I conclude that for all species studied, virtually ail (>95%) of the mercury present is as CH3Hg and that past reports of substantially lower CH3Hg fractions may have been biased by analytical and homogeneity variability.

Abrupt mortality of marine invertebrates at the Younger Dryas-Holocene transition in a shallow inlet of the Goldthwait Sea

The Holocene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1894-1908
Author(s):  
Andréanne Bourgeois-Roy ◽  
Hugo Crites ◽  
Pascal Bernatchez ◽  
Denis Lacelle ◽  
André Martel
Keyword(s):  
Mytilus Edulis ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Laurentide Ice Sheet ◽  
The North ◽  
Invertebrate Diversity ◽  
Shell Deposit ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rapid Environmental Change

The late Pleistocene–early Holocene transition period was characterized by rapid environmental change. Here, we investigate the impact of these changes on the marine invertebrates living in a shallow inlet of the post-glacial Goldthwait Sea. The site is located near Baie-Comeau (QC, Canada), where a number of remarkably well-preserved shell deposits are found along the Rivière aux Anglais Valley on the north shore of the St. Lawrence maritime estuary. Seven phyla of marine invertebrates with a minimum of 25 species or taxa were inventoried in a shell deposit, dominated by a community of Hiatella arctica with Mytilus edulis and barnacles composing the subcommunity. The majority of taxa identified in the shell deposit are boreal and sub-Arctic species; however, temperate species that exist today in the St. Lawrence maritime estuary have not been found. Based on marine invertebrate diversity and δ18O(CaCO3) of Mytilus edulis, the water in the shallow inlet of the Goldthwait Sea must have been cold and saline. The range of AMS 14C ages from 15 Mytilus edulis, constrained to 10,900 and 10,690 cal. yr BP, and exceptional state of preservation of adult and juvenile molluscan specimens suggest the abrupt mortality of entire invertebrate communities due to changing hydrodynamic conditions that included the combined effect of freshwater discharge from the receding Laurentide Ice Sheet and rapid isostatic uplift.

scholarly journals From Binary Model Systems to the Human Microbiome: Factors That Drive Strain Specificity in Host-Symbiont Associations

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daren R. Ginete ◽  
Heidi Goodrich-Blair
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Functional Categories ◽  
Strain Specificity ◽  
Binary Model ◽  
Microbial Symbionts ◽  
Antagonistic Interactions

Microbial symbionts are ubiquitous and can have significant impact on hosts. These impacts can vary in the sign (positive or negative) and degree depending on the identity of the interacting partners. Studies on host-symbiont associations indicate that subspecies (strain) genetic variation can influence interaction outcomes, making it necessary to go beyond species-level distinction to understand host-symbiont dynamics. In this review, we discuss examples of strain specificity found in host-symbiont associations, from binary model systems to the human microbiome. Although host and bacterial factors identified as mediators for specificity could be distinct at the molecular level, they generally fall into two broad functional categories: (1) those that contribute a required activity in support of the association and (2) those involved in antagonistic interactions with organisms outside of the association. We argue here based on current literature that factors from these two categories can work in concert to drive strain specificity and that this strain specificity must be considered to fully understand the molecular and ecological dynamics of host-symbiont associations, including the human microbiome.

scholarly journals The Anticancer Drug Discovery Potential of Marine Invertebrates from Russian Pacific

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir L. Katanaev ◽  
Salvatore Di Falco ◽  
Yuri Khotimchenko
Keyword(s):  
Drug Discovery ◽  
Anticancer Drug ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
National Level ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
North West ◽  
Discovery Potential ◽  
Anticancer Drug Discovery

Despite huge efforts by academia and pharmaceutical industry, cancer remains the second cause of disease-related death in developed countries. Novel sources and principles of anticancer drug discovery are in urgent demand. Marine-derived natural products represent a largely untapped source of future drug candidates. This review focuses on the anticancer drug discovery potential of marine invertebrates from the North-West Pacific. The issues of biodiversity, chemodiversity, and the anticancer pharmacophore diversity this region hides are consecutively discussed. These three levels of diversity are analyzed from the point of view of the already discovered compounds, as well as from the assessment of the overall, still undiscovered and enormous potential. We further go into the predictions of the economic and societal benefits the full-scale exploration of this potential offers, and suggest strategic measures to be taken on the national level in order to unleash such full-scale exploration. The transversal and multi-discipline approach we attempt to build for the case of marine invertebrate-based anticancer drug discovery from a given region can be applied to other regions and disease conditions, as well as up-scaled to global dimensions.

Contents and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Marine Invertebrates from Korean Coastal Fish Markets

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 1022-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
JONG SOO MOK ◽  
JI YOUNG KWON ◽  
KWANG TAE SON ◽  
WOO SEOK CHOI ◽  
SUNG RIM KANG ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Consumer Safety

The concentrations of the heavy metals cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium, silver, nickel, copper, and zinc in the edible portions of 105 marine invertebrates representing 16 mollusk and crustacean species were accurately determined to evaluate their hazard for human consumption. The samples were collected in 2011 from major fish markets on the coast of Korea and analyzed for Hg using a direct Hg analyzer and for other metals using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Estimated dietary exposure (EDE) was determined, and a risk assessment was made of the heavy metals to provide information concerning consumer safety. The Cd concentrations, which were the highest for the three hazardous metals (Cd, Hg, and Pb), were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05) in the bivalves and crabs than in the gastropods and cephalopods. However, the concentrations of these metals in all samples were within the regulatory limits set by Korea and other countries. The EDE was compared with the provisional tolerable daily intake (PTDI) adopted by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The EDE of Cd, Hg, and Pb for each class of marine invertebrate were 0.07 to 2.64, 0.01 to 0.43, and 0.001 to 0.16% of the PTDI, respectively. The total EDE of Cd, Hg, and Pb for marine invertebrates accounted for 4.03, 0.96, and 0.21%, respectively, of the PTDI. The EDE of other metals in each class of marine invertebrate was less than 2% of the PTDI. The hazard index is a reasonable parameter for assessing the risk of heavy metal consumption associated with contaminated food. In the present study, the hazard index for all of the species was less than 1.0, which indicates that the intake of heavy metals from consumption of these marine invertebrates does not represent an appreciable hazard to humans.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic Survey of Histone Modifications in an Annelid

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenys Gibson ◽  
Corban Hart ◽  
Robyn Pierce ◽  
Vett Lloyd
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Histone Modifications ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Early Cleavage ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Common Time ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Development And Differentiation

Histone modifications are widely recognized for their fundamental importance in regulating gene expression in embryonic development in a wide range of eukaryotes, but they have received relatively little attention in the development of marine invertebrates. We surveyed histone modifications throughout the development of a marine annelid, Polydora cornuta, to determine if modifications could be detected immunohistochemically and if there were characteristic changes in modifications throughout ontogeny (surveyed at representative stages from oocyte to adult). We found a common time of onset for three histone modifications in early cleavage (H3K14ac, H3K9me, and H3K4me2), some differences in the distribution of modifications among germ layers, differences in epifluorescence intensity in specific cell lineages suggesting that hyperacetylation (H3K14ac) and hypermethylation (H3K9me) occur during differentiation, and an overall decrease in the distribution of modifications from larvae to adults. Although preliminary, these results suggest that histone modifications are involved in activating early development and differentiation in a marine invertebrate.

scholarly journals Ocean acidification alters predator behaviour and reduces predation rate

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 20160797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue-Ann Watson ◽  
Jennifer B. Fields ◽  
Philip L. Munday
Keyword(s):  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Predation Rate ◽  
Ecosystem Structure ◽  
Cone Snail ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Food Web Interactions ◽  
Near Future ◽  
Increased Activity

Ocean acidification poses a range of threats to marine invertebrates; however, the emerging and likely widespread effects of rising carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels on marine invertebrate behaviour are still little understood. Here, we show that ocean acidification alters and impairs key ecological behaviours of the predatory cone snail Conus marmoreus . Projected near-future seawater CO 2 levels (975 µatm) increased activity in this coral reef molluscivore more than threefold (from less than 4 to more than 12 mm min −1 ) and decreased the time spent buried to less than one-third when compared with the present-day control conditions (390 µatm). Despite increasing activity, elevated CO 2 reduced predation rate during predator–prey interactions with control-treated humpbacked conch, Gibberulus gibberulus gibbosus ; 60% of control predators successfully captured and consumed their prey, compared with only 10% of elevated CO 2 predators. The alteration of key ecological behaviours of predatory invertebrates by near-future ocean acidification could have potentially far-reaching implications for predator–prey interactions and trophic dynamics in marine ecosystems. Combined evidence that the behaviours of both species in this predator–prey relationship are altered by elevated CO 2 suggests food web interactions and ecosystem structure will become increasingly difficult to predict as ocean acidification advances over coming decades.

scholarly journals Molecular Biology of Pseudorabies Virus: Impact on Neurovirology and Veterinary Medicine

2005 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa E. Pomeranz ◽  
Ashley E. Reynolds ◽  
Christoph J. Hengartner
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Pseudorabies Virus ◽  
Latent Infection ◽  
Acute Infection ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Infectious Particle ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
Regulated Gene Expression

SUMMARY Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is a herpesvirus of swine, a member of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily, and the etiological agent of Aujeszky's disease. This review describes the contributions of PRV research to herpesvirus biology, neurobiology, and viral pathogenesis by focusing on (i) the molecular biology of PRV, (ii) model systems to study PRV pathogenesis and neurovirulence, (iii) PRV transsynaptic tracing of neuronal circuits, and (iv) veterinary aspects of pseudorabies disease. The structure of the enveloped infectious particle, the content of the viral DNA genome, and a step-by-step overview of the viral replication cycle are presented. PRV infection is initiated by binding to cellular receptors to allow penetration into the cell. After reaching the nucleus, the viral genome directs a regulated gene expression cascade that culminates with viral DNA replication and production of new virion constituents. Finally, progeny virions self-assemble and exit the host cells. Animal models and neuronal culture systems developed for the study of PRV pathogenesis and neurovirulence are discussed. PRV serves as a self-perpetuating transsynaptic tracer of neuronal circuitry, and we detail the original studies of PRV circuitry mapping, the biology underlying this application, and the development of the next generation of tracer viruses. The basic veterinary aspects of pseudorabies management and disease in swine are discussed. PRV infection progresses from acute infection of the respiratory epithelium to latent infection in the peripheral nervous system. Sporadic reactivation from latency can transmit PRV to new hosts. The successful management of PRV disease has relied on vaccination, prevention, and testing.

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