Frequency of fungicide-resistant Botrytis cinerea populations isolated from ‘Thompson Seedless’ table grapes in the Central Valley of Chile

Botrytis cinerea isolates from flowers and berries of Vitis vinifera ‘Thompson seedless’ (grapevine) were characterized in terms of two transposable elements (TEs) Boty and Flipper, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), infection levels, and resistance to iprodione. The isolates were collected from grapevines under fungicide programs of variable numbers of iprodione applications, and replicated in three Chilean Central Valley locations. Recovery was repeated from clusters collected at four phenological stages. Highest infection levels were found at bloom. Fungicide programs including one iprodione application or a combination of other fungicides were most effective for reducing gray mold symptoms. A total of 457 isolates collected from fungicide programs including only one iprodione application, and the control program, were tested for the presence of TEs. In all locations and during all phenological stages, transposa isolates (containing both TEs) were most common, followed by Boty. Vacuma isolates (containing neither TE) were identified at very low levels in two locations and only in the control treatment, and isolates with only Flipper were not detected at any time or location. Vacuma and Boty isolates were all sensitive to iprodione, while transposa isolates showed a wide range of resistance. Based on response to iprodione, the presence of TEs, and presence of vegetative-incompatibility alleles (Bc-hch), the isolates studied belong to B. cinerea Group II, a phylogenetic species within B. cinerea. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance and genetic diversity analyses of the RAPD genotypes showed a genetic differentiation linked to location, but it was not related to geographic distance. Moreover, a genetic differentiation related to the phenological stage of grapes was also detected.

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Identification of epiphytic yeasts and bacteria with potential for biocontrol of grey mold disease on table grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/2018161-11378 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e1002 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kazem Kasfi ◽

Parissa Taheri ◽

Behrooz Jafarpour ◽

Saeed Tarighi

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Grape Berries ◽

Table Grapes

The objective of this study was to identify grapevine epiphytic yeasts and bacteria for biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea on grapes. Antagonistic yeasts and bacteria were isolated from the epiphytic flora associated with grape berries and leaves cv. ‘Thompson seedless’ from vineyards in Iran and identified by sequencing the conserved genomic regions. A total of 130 yeast and bacterial isolates from the surface of grapevine were screened in vitro for determining their antagonistic effect against B. cinerea and used to control postharvest gray mold. Among the 130 isolates, five yeasts and four bacterial isolates showed the greatest antagonistic activity in vitro against B. cinerea. Two yeasts species including Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Candida membranifaciens had high antagonistic capability against the pathogen. Also, 4 bacterial isolates belonging to Bacillus sp. and Ralstonia sp. showed significant biocontrol effect against B. cinerea. The isolates were capable of producing volatile and non-volatile substances, which suppressed the pathogen growth. The antagonistic activity of selected yeasts and bacteria against the pathogen was investigated on wounded berries of ‘Thompson seedless’. On small clusters with intact berries, all of the antagonistic isolates considerably reduced the decay on grape berries and inhibition of gray mold incidence on fruits treated by these isolates was less than 50%, except for the isolate N1, which had higher capability in inhibiting the disease incidence. These results suggest that antagonist yeasts and bacteria with potential to control B. cinerea on grape can be found in the microflora of grape berries and leaves.

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Botrytis prunorum Associated to Vitis vinifera Blossom Blight in Chile

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-19-2055-sc ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (9) ◽

pp. 2324-2329

Author(s):

Marcela Esterio ◽

Claudio Osorio-Navarro ◽

Claudia Carreras ◽

Madelaine Azócar ◽

Charleen Copier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Central Valley ◽

Development Stage ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

White Mycelium ◽

Multilocus Approach ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Table grapes are highly susceptible to Botrytis cinerea infections during the bloom period. After reaching the flower development stage, B. cinerea remains quiescent until berry ripening or gives rise to blossom blight under specific climate conditions. A research study was conducted on the Chilean Central Valley during the 2018–2019 growing season. Flowers of Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless were collected and B. cinerea was isolated together to a second and morphologically different species, characterized by white mycelium and low to no sporulation (11.4% of total isolates). Three randomly selected isolates within this population were genetically examined and identified as Botrytis prunorum based on a phylogenetic multilocus approach using partial regions of genes RPB2, HSP60, and G3PDH or NEP1 and NEP2. Pathogenicity tests showed that B. prunorum infects and causes wilting in healthy table grape flowers. B. prunorum isolates were able to infect Thompson Seedless berries, inducing lesions between 13.11 and 41.53% with respect to the lesion diameter generated by B. cinerea B05.10. The fungicide sensitivity was evaluated. The three genetically characterized isolates were sensitive to boscalid and to cyprodinil/fludioxonil mixture with a mean EC50 value of 5.5 µg/ml and 0.065 µg/ml, respectively. However, loss of sensitivity to fenhexamid was determined, with a mean EC50 value of 5.13 µg/ml. Our understanding about blossom blight in V. vinifera has been limited to B. cinerea. Here we associated B. prunorum as a second causal agent of this disease in Chile. This data represents a first approach to the epidemiological characteristics of B. prunorum associated with blossom blight in table grapes.

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Vapor Phase Hydrogen Peroxide Inhibits Postharvest Decay of Table Grapes

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.26.12.1512 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (12) ◽

pp. 1512-1514 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Charles F. Forney ◽

Roger E. Rij ◽

Ricardo Denis-Arrue ◽

Joseph L. Smilanick

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Vapor Phase ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Soluble Solids Content ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Polyethylene Bags ◽

Solids Content ◽

Potential Use

The potential use of vapor phase hydrogen peroxide (VPHP) to prevent decay caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. in table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) was investigated. `Thompson Seedless' and `Red Globe' grapes, inoculated with Botrytis cinerea spores, were placed in polyethylene bags and flushed for 10 minutes with VPHP generated from a 30% to 35% solution of liquid hydrogen peroxide at 40C. Immediately after treatment, bags were sealed and held at 10C. Vapor phase hydrogen peroxide significantly reduced the number of terminable Botrytis spores on grapes. The number of terminable spores on `Thompson Seedless' and `Red Globe' grapes had been reduced 81% and 62%, respectively, 24 hours following treatment. The incidence of decay on inoculated `Thompson Seedless' and `Red Globe' grapes was reduced 33% and 16%, respectively, after 8 days of storage at 10C compared with control fruit. Vapor phase hydrogen peroxide reduced the decay of noninoculated `Thompson Seedless' and `Red Globe' grapes 73% and 28%, respectively, after 12 days of storage at 10C. Treatment with VPHP did not affect grape color or soluble solids content.

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A transcriptional study of the effects of nitric oxide on rachis browning in table grapes cv. Thompson Seedless

Postharvest Biology and Technology ◽

10.1016/j.postharvbio.2021.111471 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 175 ◽

pp. 111471

Author(s):

Zhonghong Wu ◽

Chenghu Dong ◽

Jia Wei ◽

Limin Guo ◽

Yina Meng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Table Grapes

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The Influence of Storage Duration and Elevation of Storage Temperature on the Development of Berry Split and Berry Abscission in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Thompson Seedless Table Grapes

South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture ◽

10.21548/26-2-2119 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

Author(s):

D.A. Burger ◽

G. Jacobs ◽

M. Huysamer ◽

M.A. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Storage Temperature ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Storage Duration ◽

Table Grapes

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Preharvest Fungicide, Potassium Sorbate, or Chitosan Use on Quality and Storage Decay of Table Grapes

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-12-11-1043-re ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 97 (3) ◽

pp. 307-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

E. Feliziani ◽

J. L. Smilanick ◽

D. A. Margosan ◽

M. F. Mansour ◽

G. Romanazzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gray Mold ◽

Potassium Sorbate ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Berry Skin ◽

Grape Berries ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Berry Quality ◽

Seedless Grape ◽

And Storage ◽

Natural Incidence

Potassium sorbate, a program of four fungicides, or one of three chitosan formulations were applied to clusters of ‘Thompson Seedless’ grape berries at berry set, pre-bunch closure, veraison, and 2 or 3 weeks before harvest. After storage at 2°C for 6 weeks, the natural incidence of postharvest gray mold was reduced by potassium sorbate, the fungicide program, or both together in a tank mixture, in 2009 and 2010. In 2011, the experiment was repeated with three chitosan products (OII-YS, Chito Plant, and Armour-Zen) added. Chitosan or fungicide treatments significantly reduced the natural incidence of postharvest gray mold among grape berries. Berries harvested from vines treated by two of the chitosan treatments or the fungicide program had fewer infections after inoculation with Botrytis cinerea conidia. None harmed berry quality and all increased endochitinase activity. Chitosan decreased berry hydrogen peroxide content. One of the chitosan formulations increased quercetin, myricetin, and resveratrol content of the berry skin. In another experiment, ‘Princess Seedless’ grape treated with one of several fungicides before 4 or 6 weeks of cold storage had less decay than the control. Fenhexamid was markedly superior to the other fungicides for control of both the incidence and spread of gray mold during storage.

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Pre- and post-infection activity of new fungicides against Botrytis cinérea and other fungi causing decay of table grapes

Ciencia e investigación agraria ◽

10.4067/s0718-16202007000300005 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ricardo A Serey ◽

Rene Torres ◽

Bernardo A Latorre

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Post Infection ◽

Table Grapes

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Use of Gamma Irradiation for Control of Postharvest Botrytis cinerea Bunch Rot of Table Grapes in Cold Storage

South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture ◽

10.21548/12-2-2216 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

Author(s):

P.J. de Kock ◽

G. Holz

Keyword(s):

Gamma Irradiation ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Bunch Rot

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Severe Outbreaks of Bunch Rots Caused by Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger on Table Grapes in Chile

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.2002.86.7.815c ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 86 (7) ◽

pp. 815-815 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

B. A. Latorre ◽

S. C. Viertel ◽

I. Spadaro

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Niger ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Rhizopus Stolonifer ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Hypodermic Syringe ◽

Black Mold

Severe outbreaks of bunch rots (BR) have occurred recently during harvest of table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) in Chile. Previously, BR was almost exclusively associated with Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr. (2,3); however, in 2000 to 2002, BR symptoms were associated with black molds and possibly nonfilamentous yeasts and bacteria. Cvs. Thompson Seedless, Flame Seedless, Ruby Seedless, and Red Globe were severely affected. Symptoms start at the pedicels as soft, watery rots that partially or completely decay infected berries. Longitudinal cracks are produced, a black mold usually develops along the crack fissures, and the skin of the berry turns light gray. Isolations on potato dextrose agar acidified with 1 N lactic acid (APDA) at 0.5 ml/liter, consistently yielded Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb. ex Fr.) Vuillemin and Aspergillus niger Tiegh. R. stolonifer on APDA produced a white-to-gray aerial and nonseptate mycelium, black and globose sporangia with an elliptical collumela, one-celled, globose to oval, striated, almost hyaline sporangiospores, rhizoids, and stolons. A. niger produced septate mycelium. Single-celled, black, rough walled, globose conidia developed on short chains on the second phialides at the tip of globose, upright conidiophores. Mature (soluble solids >16%) detached berries of cv. Thompson Seedless were inoculated with sporangiospores (≈107 spores per ml) of R. stolonifer isolates RS6, RS52, RS73, and RS79 and conidia (≈108 conidia per ml) of A. niger isolates AN12, AN69, and AN75. When berries were aseptically punctured with a sterile hypodermic syringe prior to inoculation, 60 to 86.7% and 42.5 to 100% of berries were infected with R. stolonifer and A. niger, respectively, and both developed BR symptoms (significantly different from control berries) after 48 h in humid chambers at 23°C. Injuries were needed for infection since no infection or only 23.3% of noninjured berries were infected with R. stolonifer and A. niger, respectively. For both pathogens, there was a significant (P < 0.043) interaction between isolates and the presence or absence of injuries. Both pathogens were successfully reisolated on APDA. Fungicide sensitivity tests were performed on detached cv. Thompson Seedless berries challenged by placing an ≈6 μl-drop of inoculum suspension (106 or 107 spores per ml of R. stolonifer isolate RS52 and A. niger isolate AN12, respectively) on injured berries. Pyraclostrobin (0.067 mg/ml) mixed with nicobifen at 0.134 mg/ml (BAS 516 01 F at 0.201 mg a.i./ml, BASF) and copper oxide at 1.2 mg/ml (Cuprodul 60 WP, Quimetal Chile) significantly (P < 0.01) inhibited infection (100% control) by R. stolonifer and A. niger. R. stolonifer was completely controlled by dicloran at 1.88 mg/ml (Botran 75 WP) and partially controlled by captan at 1.6 mg/ml (Captan 80 WP), but A. niger was not controlled by either fungicide. To our knowledge this is the first report of R. stolonifer causing BR of table grape in Chile (4). The severe outbreaks may be associated with warm weather conditions during harvest and injuries caused by birds, insects, or cultural practices. Infection caused by R. stolonifer or A. niger may be followed by sour rot organisms (yeasts or bacteria), as has been suggested elsewhere (1,2). References: (1) E. Gravot et al. Phytoma 543:36, 2001. (2) W. B. Hewitt Page 26 in: Compendium of Grape Diseases, American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1994. (3) B. A. Latorre and G. Vásquez. Aconex (Chile) 52:16, 1996. (4) F. Mujica and C. Vergara. Flora Fungosa Chilena. Universidad de Chile, Facultad de Agronomiacute;a, Santiago, Chile, 1980.

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