Characterization of Botrytis cinerea Isolates Present in Thompson Seedless Table Grapes in the Central Valley of Chile

Botrytis cinerea isolates from flowers and berries of Vitis vinifera ‘Thompson seedless’ (grapevine) were characterized in terms of two transposable elements (TEs) Boty and Flipper, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), infection levels, and resistance to iprodione. The isolates were collected from grapevines under fungicide programs of variable numbers of iprodione applications, and replicated in three Chilean Central Valley locations. Recovery was repeated from clusters collected at four phenological stages. Highest infection levels were found at bloom. Fungicide programs including one iprodione application or a combination of other fungicides were most effective for reducing gray mold symptoms. A total of 457 isolates collected from fungicide programs including only one iprodione application, and the control program, were tested for the presence of TEs. In all locations and during all phenological stages, transposa isolates (containing both TEs) were most common, followed by Boty. Vacuma isolates (containing neither TE) were identified at very low levels in two locations and only in the control treatment, and isolates with only Flipper were not detected at any time or location. Vacuma and Boty isolates were all sensitive to iprodione, while transposa isolates showed a wide range of resistance. Based on response to iprodione, the presence of TEs, and presence of vegetative-incompatibility alleles (Bc-hch), the isolates studied belong to B. cinerea Group II, a phylogenetic species within B. cinerea. Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance and genetic diversity analyses of the RAPD genotypes showed a genetic differentiation linked to location, but it was not related to geographic distance. Moreover, a genetic differentiation related to the phenological stage of grapes was also detected.

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Frequency of fungicide-resistant Botrytis cinerea populations isolated from ‘Thompson Seedless’ table grapes in the Central Valley of Chile

10.7764/rcia.v44i3.1721 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 294-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Marcela Esterio Grez ◽

◽

Charleen Copier ◽

Andrea Román ◽

María José Araneda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Central Valley ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Table Grapes

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Characterization of Botrytis cinerea from Table Grapes in Chile Using RAPD-PCR

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis.1999.83.12.1090 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 83 (12) ◽

pp. 1090-1094 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

J. R. Thompson ◽

B. A. Latorre

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Rapd Analysis ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽

Test Sample ◽

Vitis Vinifera L ◽

Cryptococcus Laurentii ◽

Similarity Coefficients ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Group I

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was performed on 29 isolates of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. isolated from table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) and other crops in Chile with 29 decaprimers. No single primer was found to differentiate either the host or the geographical origin of each of the B. cinerea isolates tested. The DNA profiles obtained, particularly with primers OPA4 and OPA11, distinguished isolates of B. cinerea from other epiphyte fungi found on table grapes, including Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Cladosporium herbarum, Epiccocum nigrum, Rhizopus stolonifer, a Penicillium sp., and yeasts (Cryptococcus laurentii, Rhodotorula glutinis, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Regardless of host origin, primers OPA4 and OPA11 amplified a strong fragment of 1.2 kilobases (kb) and two fragments of 1.10 and 0.7 kb, respectively. These DNA fragments were obtained even when only one conidium of B. cinerea was in the test sample. Three main groups were clearly defined based on the genetic similarities found in additional RAPD analysis with 19 arbitrary decaprimers and 15 selected isolates of B. cinerea. The overall similarity coefficients (SC) between the groups obtained ranged from 0.326 to 0.891. Interestingly, all isolates from table grapes were included in group I (SC: 0.761 to 0.826), isolates from apple and tomato were in group II (SC: 0.739 to 0.848), while isolates from blueberry were either in group I (SC: 0.804) or III (SC: 0.673). Consequently, the genetic variability determined by RAPD analysis among these B. cinerea isolates suggested a possible host:pathogen relationship. However, further research is needed to clarify its pathological significance.

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Identification of epiphytic yeasts and bacteria with potential for biocontrol of grey mold disease on table grapes caused by Botrytis cinerea

Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.5424/sjar/2018161-11378 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e1002 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Kazem Kasfi ◽

Parissa Taheri ◽

Behrooz Jafarpour ◽

Saeed Tarighi

Keyword(s):

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Gray Mold ◽

Antagonistic Activity ◽

Antagonistic Effect ◽

Bacterial Isolates ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Grape Berries ◽

Table Grapes

The objective of this study was to identify grapevine epiphytic yeasts and bacteria for biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea on grapes. Antagonistic yeasts and bacteria were isolated from the epiphytic flora associated with grape berries and leaves cv. ‘Thompson seedless’ from vineyards in Iran and identified by sequencing the conserved genomic regions. A total of 130 yeast and bacterial isolates from the surface of grapevine were screened in vitro for determining their antagonistic effect against B. cinerea and used to control postharvest gray mold. Among the 130 isolates, five yeasts and four bacterial isolates showed the greatest antagonistic activity in vitro against B. cinerea. Two yeasts species including Meyerozyma guilliermondii and Candida membranifaciens had high antagonistic capability against the pathogen. Also, 4 bacterial isolates belonging to Bacillus sp. and Ralstonia sp. showed significant biocontrol effect against B. cinerea. The isolates were capable of producing volatile and non-volatile substances, which suppressed the pathogen growth. The antagonistic activity of selected yeasts and bacteria against the pathogen was investigated on wounded berries of ‘Thompson seedless’. On small clusters with intact berries, all of the antagonistic isolates considerably reduced the decay on grape berries and inhibition of gray mold incidence on fruits treated by these isolates was less than 50%, except for the isolate N1, which had higher capability in inhibiting the disease incidence. These results suggest that antagonist yeasts and bacteria with potential to control B. cinerea on grape can be found in the microflora of grape berries and leaves.

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Botrytis prunorum Associated to Vitis vinifera Blossom Blight in Chile

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-19-2055-sc ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 104 (9) ◽

pp. 2324-2329

Author(s):

Marcela Esterio ◽

Claudio Osorio-Navarro ◽

Claudia Carreras ◽

Madelaine Azócar ◽

Charleen Copier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitis Vinifera ◽

Central Valley ◽

Development Stage ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Pathogenicity Tests ◽

White Mycelium ◽

Multilocus Approach ◽

Epidemiological Characteristics

Table grapes are highly susceptible to Botrytis cinerea infections during the bloom period. After reaching the flower development stage, B. cinerea remains quiescent until berry ripening or gives rise to blossom blight under specific climate conditions. A research study was conducted on the Chilean Central Valley during the 2018–2019 growing season. Flowers of Vitis vinifera cv. Thompson Seedless were collected and B. cinerea was isolated together to a second and morphologically different species, characterized by white mycelium and low to no sporulation (11.4% of total isolates). Three randomly selected isolates within this population were genetically examined and identified as Botrytis prunorum based on a phylogenetic multilocus approach using partial regions of genes RPB2, HSP60, and G3PDH or NEP1 and NEP2. Pathogenicity tests showed that B. prunorum infects and causes wilting in healthy table grape flowers. B. prunorum isolates were able to infect Thompson Seedless berries, inducing lesions between 13.11 and 41.53% with respect to the lesion diameter generated by B. cinerea B05.10. The fungicide sensitivity was evaluated. The three genetically characterized isolates were sensitive to boscalid and to cyprodinil/fludioxonil mixture with a mean EC50 value of 5.5 µg/ml and 0.065 µg/ml, respectively. However, loss of sensitivity to fenhexamid was determined, with a mean EC50 value of 5.13 µg/ml. Our understanding about blossom blight in V. vinifera has been limited to B. cinerea. Here we associated B. prunorum as a second causal agent of this disease in Chile. This data represents a first approach to the epidemiological characteristics of B. prunorum associated with blossom blight in table grapes.

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Vapor Phase Hydrogen Peroxide Inhibits Postharvest Decay of Table Grapes

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.26.12.1512 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 26 (12) ◽

pp. 1512-1514 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Charles F. Forney ◽

Roger E. Rij ◽

Ricardo Denis-Arrue ◽

Joseph L. Smilanick

Keyword(s):

Hydrogen Peroxide ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Vapor Phase ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Soluble Solids Content ◽

Thompson Seedless ◽

Table Grapes ◽

Polyethylene Bags ◽

Solids Content ◽

Potential Use

The potential use of vapor phase hydrogen peroxide (VPHP) to prevent decay caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. in table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) was investigated. `Thompson Seedless' and `Red Globe' grapes, inoculated with Botrytis cinerea spores, were placed in polyethylene bags and flushed for 10 minutes with VPHP generated from a 30% to 35% solution of liquid hydrogen peroxide at 40C. Immediately after treatment, bags were sealed and held at 10C. Vapor phase hydrogen peroxide significantly reduced the number of terminable Botrytis spores on grapes. The number of terminable spores on `Thompson Seedless' and `Red Globe' grapes had been reduced 81% and 62%, respectively, 24 hours following treatment. The incidence of decay on inoculated `Thompson Seedless' and `Red Globe' grapes was reduced 33% and 16%, respectively, after 8 days of storage at 10C compared with control fruit. Vapor phase hydrogen peroxide reduced the decay of noninoculated `Thompson Seedless' and `Red Globe' grapes 73% and 28%, respectively, after 12 days of storage at 10C. Treatment with VPHP did not affect grape color or soluble solids content.

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Prevalence of Botrytis cinerea at different phenological stages of table grapes grown in the northern region of South Africa

Scientia Horticulturae ◽

10.1016/j.scienta.2018.05.018 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 239 ◽

pp. 57-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Patricia C. Carmichael ◽

Nazareth Siyoum ◽

Mosimanegape Jongman ◽

Lise Korsten

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Botrytis Cinerea ◽

Northern Region ◽

Phenological Stages ◽

Table Grapes

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Some influence of the hormonal components in nutrient medium onthe induction of novel structures when obtaining rapeseed haploids through in vitro culture

Scientific and Technical Bulletin of the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS ◽

10.36710/ioc-2018-26-04 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 30-37

Keyword(s):

Anther Culture ◽

Hormonal Regulation ◽

Control Plant ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Basic Medium ◽

Nutrient Media ◽

Oilseed Crops ◽

Wide Range

Growth regulators, phytohormones, both natural and artificial, are the main means to control plant ontogenesis. They are involved in regulating the processes of cell differentiation and cell divisions, the formation of tissues and organs, the changes in the rate of growth and development, the duration of the certain stages of ontogenesis. The main classes of phytohormones used in plant biotechnology, in particular, in the induction of haploid structures, are auxins and cytokinins. The mechanism of action of phytohormones on a cell is rather complicated and may have a different character. Understanding the characteristics of the action of phytohormones is complicated by the fact that the system of hormonal regulation of plant life is multicomponent. This is manifested in the fact that the same physiological process is most often influenced not by one, but by several phytohormones, covering a wide range of aspects of cell metabolism. In connection with the foregoing, the purpose of our work was to test a set of nutrient media with different basic composition and different proportions of phytohormones to determine the patterns of their influence on the processes of haploid structure induction in rape anther culture using accessions, developed at the Institute of Oilseed Crops NAAS. The material used was two accessions of winter rapeseed (No. 1 and No. 2) and one sample of spring rapeseed, provided by the Rapeseed Breeding laboratory of the Institute of Oilseed Crops. Incised inflorescences were kept against the background of low temperature of 6–8 ° C for several days, and then, under aseptic conditions, anthers with unripe pollen grains were isolated and planted on nutrient media differing in both basic mineral composition and content of phytohormones. MS (Murashige & Skoog 1962) and B5 (Gamborg et al 1968) media were used as basic media. Phytohormones were added to the basic media in various combinations – BA, 2,4-D, NAA at the concentrations of 0.1-0.6 mg/l. In each treatment up to 300 anthers were cultivated. Differences between treatments were evaluated using standard t-test. Studies have shown that in the anther culture of rapeseed on the tested nutrient media, morphogenic structures of different types (embryoids and callus) were originated. Synthetic auxin 2,4-D, regardless of the composition of the basic medium, caused the formation of structures of both types, though with a low frequency. Phytohormone BA of the cytokinin type had a similar effect. In this case, the frequency of structures was slightly higher, and the developed structures were represented mainly by embryoids. The joint action of cytokinin and auxin was the most favorable for the initiation of morphogenic structures. Such combination of phytohormones caused the formation of these structures with a frequency of 24.5-14.7% in the studied genotypes of winter rape. A similar effect of phytohormones on the induction and development of morphogenic structures was also observed in spring rape. In this case, a single basic MS medium was used. The experiment included treatments where phytohormones were absent (control), as well as various combinations of auxin and cytokinin. In the control treatment, the formation of new structures was not noted. In treatments with phytohormones, in addition to the medium with the combination of auxin and cytokinin, the medium in which only cytokinin was present was also rather effective. The treatment in which the action of auxin 2,4-D was combined with the action of another auxin, NAA, turned out to be practically ineffective. Thus, it was found that for the induction of morphogenic structures from microspores in rape anther culture of the tested genotypes, the combination of cytokinin with auxin, or the use of only single cytokinin BA without other phytohormones, had the most positive effect.

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A New Statistic for Detecting Genetic Differentiation

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/155.4.2011 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 155 (4) ◽

pp. 2011-2014 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Richard R Hudson

Keyword(s):

Genetic Differentiation ◽

Dna Sequences ◽

Genetic Data ◽

Island Model ◽

Wide Range ◽

Infinite Sites Model ◽

Parameter Values

Abstract A new statistic for detecting genetic differentiation of subpopulations is described. The statistic can be calculated when genetic data are collected on individuals sampled from two or more localities. It is assumed that haplotypic data are obtained, either in the form of DNA sequences or data on many tightly linked markers. Using a symmetric island model, and assuming an infinite-sites model of mutation, it is found that the new statistic is as powerful or more powerful than previously proposed statistics for a wide range of parameter values.

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Molecular Markers Dispute the Existence of the Afro-Andean Group of the Bean Angular Leaf Spot Pathogen, Phaeoisariopsis griseola

Phytopathology ◽

10.1094/phyto.2002.92.6.580 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 92 (6) ◽

pp. 580-589 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

George S. Mahuku ◽

María Antonia Henríquez ◽

Jaime Munõz ◽

Robin A. Buruchara

Keyword(s):

Genetic Differentiation ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Multiple Correspondence Analysis ◽

Gene Diversity ◽

Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽

Point Mutations ◽

Angular Leaf Spot ◽

Gene Pools ◽

Phaeoisariopsis Griseola ◽

Intergenic Spacer Region

Coevolution of the angular leaf spot pathogen, Phaeoisariopsis griseola, with its common bean host has been demonstrated, and P. griseola isolates have been divided into Andean and Mesoamerican groups that correspond to defined bean gene pools. Recent characterization of P. griseola isolates from Africa has identified a group of isolates classified as Andean using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), but which are able to infect some Mesoamerican differential varieties. These isolates, designated Afro-Andean, have been identified only in Africa. Random amplified microsatellites, RAPD, and restriction digestion of amplified ribosomal intergenic spacer region were used to elucidate the relationships among the Afro-Andean, Andean, and Mesoamerican groups of P. griseola. Cluster and multiple correspondence analysis of molecular data separated isolates into Andean and Meso-american groups, and the Afro-Andean isolates clustered with Andean isolates. Analysis of molecular variance ascribed 2.8% of the total genetic variation to differences between Afro-Andean and Andean isolates from Africa. Gene diversity analysis revealed no genetic differentiation (GST = 0.004) between Afro-Andean and Andean isolates from Africa. However, significant levels of genetic differentiation (GST = 0.39) were observed between Afro-Andean or Andean isolates from Africa and Andean isolates from Latin America, revealing significant geographical differentiation within the Andean lineage. Results from this study showed that Afro-Andean isolates do not constitute a new P. griseola group and do not represent long-term evolution of the pathogen genome, but rather are likely the consequents of point mutations in genes for virulence. This finding has significant implications in the deployment of resistant bean genotypes.

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