scholarly journals THE ENDOGENEITY OF THE STEADY-STATE GROWTH RATE

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (59) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Natural Growth ◽  
Steady State Growth ◽  
History Of ◽  
Output Ratio ◽  
State Growth

This study aims to estimate the steady-state growth rate or the natural growth rate and to determine whether the steady-state growth rate is endogenous to demand conditions or not. In order to achieve these aims, this study makes an econometric analysis using ordinary least squares method based on the data of Turkey covering the period 1969-2006. The present study estimates the natural growth rate and analyzes whether the natural growth rate is endogenous or not. But, different from the previous studies, the present study makes estimations in the conditions that capital-output ratio remains constant. According to the results of the study, the steady-state or natural growth rate is 5.71% in Turkey for the period 1969-2006. Moreover, the natural growth rate becomes 9.51% in the boom periods. This result shows that the steady-state or natural growth rate is endogenous to demand conditions in Turkey. Thus, the present study provides evidence for the Thirlwall’s (1969) theory in a different manner. Keywords: Natural growth rate, endogeneity, steady-state, capital-output ratio, economic history of Turkey

scholarly journals Pleiotropic mutations can rapidly evolve to directly benefit self and cooperative partner despite unfavorable conditions

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Frederick Mock Hart ◽  
Chi-Chun Chen ◽  
Wenying Shou
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Supply Rate ◽  
Steady State Growth ◽  
Cooperative Partner ◽  
Engineered Yeast ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Growth

Cooperation, paying a cost to benefit others, is widespread. Cooperation can be promoted by pleiotropic 'win-win' mutations which directly benefit self ('self-serving') and partner ('partner-serving'). Previously, we showed that partner-serving should be defined as increased benefit supply rate per intake benefit (Hart & Pineda et al., 2019). Here, we report that win-win mutations can rapidly evolve even under conditions unfavorable for cooperation. Specifically, in a well-mixed environment we evolved engineered yeast cooperative communities where two strains exchanged costly metabolites lysine and hypoxanthine. Among cells that consumed lysine and released hypoxanthine, ecm21 mutations repeatedly arose. ecm21 is self-serving, improving self's growth rate in limiting lysine. ecm21 is also partner-serving, increasing hypoxanthine release rate per lysine consumption and the steady state growth rate of partner. ecm21 also arose in monocultures evolving in lysine-limited chemostats. Thus, even without any history of cooperation or pressure to maintain cooperation, pleiotropic win-win mutations may readily evolve.

Why The Already Difficult Task of Identifying Sources of Growth Has Become Even More Challenging?

2010 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rup Singh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Growth Theory ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Steady State Growth ◽  
State Growth ◽  
Made In

This chapter is a brief account of what we now observe in the growth literature in light of the developments in the voluminous empirical works on economic growth. It is argued that while the empirical knowledge has advanced adequately, little progress has been made in the growth theory since the classic works of Solow. Therefore it can be said that growth economist and policy makers are still confused on how to raise the steady state growth rate of output and some of these confusions are due to our own experiments.

scholarly journals Pleiotropic win-win mutations can rapidly evolve in a nascent cooperative community despite unfavorable conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel F. M. Hart ◽  
Chi-Chun Chen ◽  
Wenying Shou
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Release Rate ◽  
Supply Rate ◽  
Steady State Growth ◽  
Cooperative Community ◽  
Engineered Yeast ◽  
State Growth

AbstractCooperation, paying a cost to benefit other individuals, is widespread. Cooperation can be promoted by pleiotropic “win-win” mutations which directly benefit self and partner. Previously, we showed that “partner-serving” should be defined as increased benefit supply rate per intake benefit (Hart & Pineda et al., 2019). Here, we report that “win-win” mutations can rapidly evolve even in nascent cooperation under conditions unfavorable for cooperation. Specifically, in a well-mixed environment we evolved engineered yeast cooperative communities where two strains exchanged costly metabolites lysine and hypoxanthine. Among cells that consumed lysine and released hypoxanthine, ecm21 mutations repeatedly arose. ecm21 is “self-serving”, improving self’s growth rate in limiting lysine. ecm21 is also “partner-serving”, increasing hypoxanthine release rate per lysine consumption and the steady state growth rate of partner. ecm21 also arose in monocultures evolving in lysine-limited chemostats. Thus, even without any pressure to maintain cooperation, pleiotropic win-win mutations may readily evolve.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF R&D SUBSIDIES IN A HYBRID MODEL OF ENDOGENOUS GROWTH AND SEMI-ENDOGENOUS GROWTH

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Angus C. Chu ◽  
Xilin Wang
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Endogenous Growth ◽  
Steady State Growth ◽  
Growth Regime ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Hybrid Growth ◽  
State Growth ◽  
Parameter Values

We explore R&D subsidies in a hybrid growth model which may exhibit semi-endogenous growth or fully endogenous growth. We consider two types of subsidies on variety-expanding innovation and quality-improving innovation. R&D subsidies on quality-improving innovation only have effects in the fully endogenous-growth regime, in which more subsidies cause an earlier activation of quality-improving innovation and increase the transitional/steady-state growth rate. R&D subsidies on variety-expanding innovation have contrasting effects in the two regimes. In the semi-endogenous-growth regime, more subsidies on variety-expanding innovation increase transitional growth but have no effect on steady-state growth. In the fully endogenous-growth regime, more subsidies on variety-expanding innovation continue to increase short-run growth but delay the activation of quality-improving innovation and reduce long-run growth. Increasing subsidies on variety-expanding (quality-improving) innovation makes the semi-endogenous-growth (fully endogenous-growth) regime more likely to emerge. Finally, we calibrate the model and find that under reasonable parameter values, the fully endogenous-growth regime is more likely to emerge.

scholarly journals Decoupling of rates of protein synthesis from cell expansion leads to supergrowth: Supplement

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin D Knapp ◽  
Pascal Odermatt ◽  
Enrique R Rojas ◽  
Wenpeng Cheng ◽  
Xiangwei He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Volume Growth ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Steady State Growth ◽  
State Growth ◽  
Cellular Components

Cell growth is a complex process in which the biosynthesis of cellular components must be coordinated with increases in cell size in order to maintain their concentrations. In many cell types, the steady-state growth rate is proportional to cell size such that larger cells grow proportionally faster than smaller cells. Little is known about the mechanisms coordinating biosynthesis, cell volume, and cytoplasmic density. Here, we reveal a global mechanism for proteome homeostasis by transiently decoupling protein synthesis from volume growth rate in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Rapid osmotic oscillations strongly inhibited growth, but when oscillations were terminated cells subsequently underwent a period of "supergrowth" in which growth was significantly faster than steady-state growth for multiple generations. Protein concentrations and cytoplasmic density increased steadily during oscillations, and gradually decreased to steady-state values during supergrowth. Transient growth inhibition by disabling the secretory pathway produced similar behaviors to osmotic oscillations. The accumulation of biomass was responsible for driving subsequent rapid growth, yielding a homeostatic mechanism for maintaining global protein concentration.

scholarly journals A bacterial growth law out of steady-state

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Korem Kohanim ◽  
Dikla Levi ◽  
Ghil Jona ◽  
Anat Bren ◽  
Uri Alon
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Spare Capacity ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Steady State Growth ◽  
Fluctuating Environments ◽  
Growth Laws ◽  
State Growth

SummaryBacterial growth depends on numerous reactions, and yet follows surprisingly simple laws that inspired biologists for decades. Growth laws until now primarily dealt with steady-state exponential growth in constant conditions. However, bacteria in nature often face fluctuating environments, with nutritional upshifts and downshifts. We therefore ask whether there are growth laws that apply to changing environments. We derive a law for strong upshifts using an optimal resource-allocation model that was previously calibrated at steady-state growth: the post-shift growth rate equals the geometrical mean of the pre-shift growth rate and the growth rate on saturating carbon. We test this using chemostat and robotic batch culture experiments, as well as previous data from several species, and find good agreement with the model predictions. The increase in growth rate after an upshift indicates that ribosomes have spare capacity. We demonstrate theoretically that spare ribosomal capacity has the cost of slow steady-state growth, but is beneficial in fluctuating environments because it prevents large overshoots in intracellular metabolites after an upshift and allows rapid response to change. We also provide predictions for downshifts for future experimental tests. Spare capacity appears in diverse biological systems, and the present study quantifies the optimal degree of spare capacity, which rises the slower the growth rate, and suggests that it can be precisely regulated.

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