Evaluation of Salivary Flow Rate, PH and Buffer in Pre, Post & Post Menopausal women on HR

Endocrine and biological changes occur in postmenopausal women, the production of steroid sex hormones that affect the health of the oral cavity, with the reduction of all or part of estrogen resulting in xerostomia (dry mouth). The treatment of Xerostomia was carried out using local, mechanical and chemical stimulation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gargling of green tea steeping on salivary flow rates in postmenopausal women with xerostomia at Darussalam Public Health Center in Medan.This is an experimental study using the design of control group, pretest-posttest and the non-probability of purposive sampling. Fourty menopausal women with xerostomia were used as sample. The treatment group gargled with green tea steeping while the control group gargled with distilled water. Saliva was collected into the pots for three minutes before and after treatment by spitting method. The analytical test used was the paired T-test and the unpaired.The results showed that there was an increase in salivary flow rate with green tea brushing rinse by 0.281750 ml/min and with aquades rinsing by 0.03335 ml/min. Furthermore, there was an effect of gargling with green tea steeping, namely an increase in the flow rate of saliva and this research can be an alternative treatment to relieve xerostomia in menopausal women.The green tea gargling was better in stimulating salivary flow rate.

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Selected Physicochemical Properties of Saliva in Menopausal Women—A Pilot Study

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17072604 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (7) ◽

pp. 2604

Author(s):

Aleksandra Cydejko ◽

Aida Kusiak ◽

Magdalena Emilia Grzybowska ◽

Barbara Kochańska ◽

Jolanta Ochocińska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physicochemical Properties ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Immunoglobulin A ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Ionized Calcium ◽

Control Group ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Complete Health

The aim of this study was to estimate differences in selected physicochemical properties of saliva between menopausal and premenopausal women. Methods: The study population consisted of 9 menopausal women and 15 women of the control group. Laboratory tests included the determination of pH saliva, salivary flow rate, and concentrations of lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, and ionized calcium. Results: Among menopausal women, statistically significant differences were observed in values of salivary flow rate and lysozyme and ionized calcium concentrations; however, no statistically significant differences for pH and concentrations of lactoferrin and immunoglobulin A were found. The salivary flow rate in the study group was significantly lower compared to that in premenopausal women. In relation to lysozyme, statistically significant differences were found between control group and menopausal women to the disadvantage of the latter. However, the concentration of ionized calcium in the saliva of menopausal women was distinctly higher than in the saliva of the control group. Conclusion: The saliva of menopausal women appeared significantly different from that of the control group. Differences in physicochemical parameters such as salivary flow rate and lysozyme and ionized calcium concentrations were observed. These differences in saliva properties observed in menopause can potentially affect the oral environment of women in this particular period, possibly increasing the risk of some pathological changes in the oral cavity and consequently indicating the need to take special care of this group of female patients in order to help them maintain proper oral health. Dentists and gynecologists should be aware of the problems associated with menopause and need to provide these women complete health care, including dental care as an integral part.

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The Effect of Menopause, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), Alendronate (ALN), and Calcium Supplements on Saliva

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice ◽

10.5005/jcdp-6-2-10 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 10-17 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Timur Gurgan ◽

Sevil Gurgan ◽

Filiz Yalcin

Keyword(s):

Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽

Replacement Therapy ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Calcium Supplementation ◽

Hormone Replacement ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Treatment Needs ◽

Calcium Supplements ◽

Menopausal Women

Abstract Purpose In menopausal women many physiological changes take place, most of which are due to decreased estrogen production. It is known estrogen influences oral health in a number of ways and saliva undergoes variations depending upon the levels of this hormone. Materials and Methods The study was designed to evaluate the relationship of menopause, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), alendronate (ALN), and calcium supplements on salivary flow rate, saliva pH, and electrolytes. A group of a group of 14 osteoporotic women in menopause with an age average of 50.7 and 14 non-menopausal women with an age average of 42.4 and were selected as subjects. The oral status of the subjects was determined using the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN), the Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth (DMFT) and the Decayed, Missing and Filled Surfaces (DMFS) indicies. The non-stimulated whole saliva samples were subsequently collected from the women in both the control and experimental groups and then analyzed biochemically. The women comprising the experimental group received HRT supplemented with ALN and calcium; saliva collecting and analyzing procedures were repeated at the third and sixth months of the treatment. Results The most significant oral discomfort in women in the menopausal period was oral dryness, and this symptom was relieved after HRT with ALN and calcium supplements. The oral status of the nonmenopausal women was better than the women in menopause. The salivary flow rate was decreased in the menopausal period and increased after HRT, ALN, and calcium supplementation. The saliva pH values were not affected by menopause and HRT with ALN and calcium supplementation. The level of Na+ was increased with menopause and did not change with HRT supplemented with ALN and calcium, whereas the K+ level decreased in the menopausal period and remained constant after HRT with ALN and calcium. The Cl- level was not affected by menopause and the HRT supplemented with ALN and calcium. The Ca++ level was not different in the two groups of women and did not change after HRT supplemented with ALN and calcium. Conclusion HRT with ALN and calcium supplementation affected some factors in saliva positively. Citation Yalcin F, Gurgan S, Gurgan T. The Effect of Menopause, Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT), Alendronate (ALN), and Calcium Supplements on Saliva. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 May;(6)2:010-017.

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Stimulated whole salivary flow rate and composition in menopausal women with oral dryness feeling

Oral Diseases ◽

10.1111/j.1601-0825.2006.01288.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 320-323 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

F Agha-Hosseini ◽

I Mirzaii-Dizgah ◽

PP Moghaddam ◽

ZT Akrad

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Menopausal Women ◽

Oral Dryness ◽

Oral Dryness Feeling

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Acute Salivary Flow Rate Response to Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Versus Electro-acupuncture

Case Medical Research ◽

10.31525/ct1-nct04211324 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Nerve Stimulation ◽

Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Electrical Nerve Stimulation

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Effect of a newly developed pastille on the salivary flow rate in subjects with dry mouth symptoms: a randomized, controlled, monocentric clinical study

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-01471-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

S. Bielfeldt ◽

D. Wilhelm ◽

C. Neumeister ◽

U. Schwantes ◽

K. -P. Wilhelm

Keyword(s):

Surface Tension ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Gum Arabic ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Dry Mouth ◽

Main Ingredient ◽

Control Product ◽

Swallowing Problems ◽

The Mean

Abstract Background Xerostomia is associated with several diseases and is a side effect of certain drugs, resulting from reduced saliva secretion. Often, aged and sometimes younger people suffer from (idiopathic) xerostomia. Chewing gum and sucking pastilles may relieve symptoms of xerostomia by increasing the salivary flow rate due to the mechanical effect of sucking and gustatory stimulation. Swallowing problems and the urge to cough or experiencing a tickling sensation in the throat might be alleviated through a reduction in dry mouth symptoms. We investigated whether a pastille containing four polysaccharides increased the salivary flow rate and relieved the symptoms of dry mouth. Methods Participating subjects with xerostomia were randomized into two equally balanced treatment groups. Subjects received the pastille on Day 1 and a control product (Parafilm®) on Day 3, or vice versa. Unstimulated saliva was collected every 2.5 min for 0–10 min. Stimulated saliva was collected after subjects sucked the pastille or the control product. The salivary flow rate was determined gravimetrically, and, in parallel, the feeling of dry mouth was assessed using a visual analog scale. Saliva surface tension was measured in pooled saliva samples (0–5 min of sampling). Additionally, in stimulated saliva from six subjects who sucked the pastille, the presence of the main ingredient—gum arabic—was examined by Raman spectroscopy. Results Chewing the pastille significantly increased the mean salivary flow rate by 8.03 g/10 min compared to the mean changes after chewing the control product (+ 3.71 g/10 min; p < 0.0001). The mean score of dry mouth was significantly alleviated by the pastille (− 19.9 ± 17.9 mm) compared to the control product (− 3.3 ± 18.1 mm). No difference between the two products was seen regarding the saliva surface tension. Gum arabic was present in the saliva of all investigated subjects for up to 10 min after sucking the pastille. Conclusions The pastille was well tolerated and effective in increasing the salivary flow rate and reducing mouth dryness after sucking. These results were in line with the detection of the main ingredient, gum arabic, in saliva for up to 10 min after sucking the pastille. Trial registration German Register Clinical Trials (Deutsches Register Klinische Studien, DRKS) DRKS-ID: DRKS00017393, Registered 29 May 2019, https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial. HTML&TRIAL_ID = DRKS00017393.

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Salivary flow rate and the risk of cognitive impairment among Korean elders: a cross-sectional study

BMC Geriatrics ◽

10.1186/s12877-021-02200-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Minh-Tung Do ◽

Huong Vu ◽

Jong-Koo Lee ◽

Sang-Min Park ◽

Joung-Sik Son ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Impairment ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Salivary Flow ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Community Dwelling ◽

Salivary Flow Rate ◽

Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Denture Status

Abstract Background Salivary function has been suggested to be associated with cognitive impairment. However, the effect of salivary flow rate (SFR) on cognitive impairment remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether SFR is associated with cognitive impairment among Korean elders. Methods This cross-sectional study included 649 elders aged 65 and older in the Korean community-dwelling population. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the Mini-Mental Status Examination. Unstimulated SFR was measured and dichotomized. Denture status, age, sex, education level, smoking, drinking, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity were considered confounders. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to assess the adjusted association. Stratified analysis by sex and denture status was performed to clarify the effect modification. Results Participants without cognitive impairment showed a higher SFR level than those with cognitive impairment (0.81 mL/min for non-cognitive impairment versus 0.52 mL/min for cognitive impairment, p < 0.001). After controlling for confounders, participants with low SFR (< 0.3 mL/min) were more likely to have cognitive impairment by 1.5 times than participants with normal SFR (odds ratio [OR] = 1.5, confidence interval [CI] = 1.05–2.10). The association of low SFR with cognitive impairment was higher in women and dentate participants: about 10% higher in women (OR = 1.63, CI = 1.07–2.50) and about 22% higher in dentate participants (OR = 1.82, CI = 1.41–2.90). Conclusions Salivary flow rate is independently associated with cognitive impairment among Korean elders. The association was modified in females and dentate elders. Physicians and dentists should consider low SFR and cognitive impairment as a risk factor between them in clinics.

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