scholarly journals Rotavirus Vaccine Effectiveness against the Risk of Hospitalization and the Impact of Using Public Funds for the Vaccine on a Regional Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Epidemic in Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-163
Author(s):  
Yuko Sato ◽  
Yukari Yamaki ◽  
Yoshiaki Sasaki ◽  
Hiroki Kajino
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Decline in Cases of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Presenting to The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia after Introduction of a Pentavalent Rotavirus Vaccine

2009 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Fred Clark ◽  
Diane Lawley ◽  
Laura A. Mallette ◽  
Mark J. DiNubile ◽  
Richard L. Hodinka
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Epidemic Season ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Children's Hospital ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Children’S Hospital ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT A pentavalent rotavirus vaccine for infants became available in the United States in February 2006. By 2007, vaccination rates nationwide were estimated to be ∼50%. We studied the effectiveness of the vaccine in a real-world setting outside of a clinical trial. All children presenting to The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia with acute gastroenteritis have been monitored for the presence of rotavirus antigen in the stool by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA [followed by genotyping if ELISA positive]) since the 1994-1995 epidemic season, presenting a unique opportunity to assess the impact of the recently introduced vaccine. The annual number of community-acquired cases over the preceding 13 years had approached or exceeded 100, with 271 cases in 2005 to 2006 and 167 cases in 2006 to 2007. In the 2007-2008 season, only 36 community-acquired cases were identified, representing an 87% reduction from the same period in 2005 to 2006. G3 was the predominant serotype, accounting for 15 community cases (42%). Our study is limited by its observational design using historical comparisons. Nonetheless, the abrupt decline in rotavirus gastroenteritis cases during the 2007-2008 season likely resulted from vaccination. Because protection rates appeared to have exceeded vaccination rates, herd immunity may have contributed to some degree to the effectiveness of the vaccine.

scholarly journals Emergence of Double- and Triple-Gene Reassortant G1P[8] Rotaviruses Possessing a DS-1-Like Backbone after Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Malawi

2017 ◽  
Vol 92 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khuzwayo C. Jere ◽  
Chrispin Chaguza ◽  
Naor Bar-Zeev ◽  
Jenna Lowe ◽  
Chikondi Peno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Vaccine Effectiveness ◽  
Recent Common Ancestor ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Careful Evaluation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Structural Conformation ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines

ABSTRACT To combat the high burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis, multiple African countries have introduced rotavirus vaccines into their childhood immunization programs. Malawi incorporated a G1P[8] rotavirus vaccine (Rotarix) into its immunization schedule in 2012. Utilizing a surveillance platform of hospitalized rotavirus gastroenteritis cases, we examined the phylodynamics of G1P[8] rotavirus strains that circulated in Malawi before (1998 to 2012) and after (2013 to 2014) vaccine introduction. Analysis of whole genomes obtained through next-generation sequencing revealed that all randomly selected prevaccine G1P[8] strains sequenced ( n = 32) possessed a Wa-like genetic constellation, whereas postvaccine G1P[8] strains ( n = 18) had a DS-1-like constellation. Phylodynamic analyses indicated that postvaccine G1P[8] strains emerged through reassortment events between human Wa- and DS-1-like rotaviruses that circulated in Malawi from the 1990s and hence were classified as atypical DS-1-like reassortants. The time to the most recent common ancestor for G1P[8] strains was from 1981 to 1994; their evolutionary rates ranged from 9.7 × 10 −4 to 4.1 × 10 −3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year. Three distinct G1P[8] lineages chronologically replaced each other between 1998 and 2014. Genetic drift was the likely driver for lineage turnover in 2005, whereas replacement in 2013 was due to reassortment. Amino acid substitution within the outer glycoprotein VP7 of G1P[8] strains had no impact on the structural conformation of the antigenic regions, suggesting that it is unlikely that they would affect recognition by vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies. While the emergence of DS-1-like G1P[8] rotavirus reassortants in Malawi was therefore likely due to natural genotype variation, vaccine effectiveness against such strains needs careful evaluation. IMPORTANCE The error-prone RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and the segmented RNA genome predispose rotaviruses to genetic mutation and genome reassortment, respectively. These evolutionary mechanisms generate novel strains and have the potential to lead to the emergence of vaccine escape mutants. While multiple African countries have introduced a rotavirus vaccine, there are few data describing the evolution of rotaviruses that circulated before and after vaccine introduction. We report the emergence of atypical DS-1-like G1P[8] strains during the postvaccine era in Malawi. Three distinct G1P[8] lineages circulated chronologically from 1998 to 2014; mutation and reassortment drove lineage turnover in 2005 and 2013, respectively. Amino acid substitutions within the outer capsid VP7 glycoprotein did not affect the structural conformation of mapped antigenic sites, suggesting a limited effect on the recognition of G1-specific vaccine-derived antibodies. The genes that constitute the remaining genetic backbone may play important roles in immune evasion, and vaccine effectiveness against such atypical strains needs careful evaluation.

scholarly journals Diarrheal Etiology and Impact of Coinfections on Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Estimates in a Clinical Trial of a Monovalent Human–Bovine (116E) Oral Rotavirus Vaccine, Rotavac, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ira Praharaj ◽  
James A Platts-Mills ◽  
Sunita Taneja ◽  
Kalpana Antony ◽  
Krista Yuhas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Severe Diarrhea ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Norovirus Gii ◽  
Taqman Array ◽  
Rotavirus Diarrhea ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Rotavirus vaccine efficacy (VE) estimates in low-resource settings are lower than in developed countries. We detected coinfections in cases of severe rotavirus diarrhea in a rotavirus VE trial to determine whether these negatively impacted rotavirus VE estimates. Methods We performed TaqMan Array Card assays for enteropathogens on stools from rotavirus enzyme immunoassay–positive diarrhea episodes and all severe episodes (Vesikari score ≥11), from a phase 3 VE trial of Rotavac, a monovalent human–bovine (116E) rotavirus vaccine, carried out across 3 sites in India. We estimated pathogen-specific etiologies of diarrhea, described associated clinical characteristics, and estimated the impact of coinfections on rotavirus VE using a test-negative design. Results A total of 1507 specimens from 1169 infants were tested for the presence of coinfections. Rotavirus was the leading cause of severe diarrhea even among vaccinated children, followed by adenovirus 40/41, Shigella/enteroinvasive Escherichia coli, norovirus GII, sapovirus, and Cryptosporidium species. Bacterial coinfections in rotavirus-positive diarrhea were associated with a longer duration of diarrhea and protozoal coinfections with increased odds of hospitalization. Using the test-negative design, rotavirus VE against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis increased from 49.3% to 60.6% in the absence of coinfections (difference, 11.3%; 95% confidence interval, –10.3% to 30.2%). Conclusions While rotavirus was the dominant etiology of severe diarrhea even in vaccinated children, a broad range of other etiologies was identified. Accounting for coinfections led to an 11.3% increase in the VE estimate. Although not statistically significant, an 11.3% decrease in VE due to presence of coinfections would explain an important fraction of the low rotavirus VE in this setting.

scholarly journals Trends of Rotavirus in Nepal

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
B D Pandey ◽  
S B Pun
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
First Year ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Rotavirus Infection ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccines ◽  
Human Rotavirus ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Background Rotavirus gastroenteritis is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children worldwide. Safe and effective rotavirus vaccine is needed to have significant impact on severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. Currently, two live oral rotavirus vaccines have been licensed in many countries. Knowledge on distribution of human rotavirus of G and P types are essential before rotavirus vaccines are introduced in the target populations. Objective To observe the trends of rotavirus strains in children below five years of age, during the years, 2003-2005 in Nepal. Methods Stool specimen collected from children with acute diarrhea who were referred to observation unit or hospitalized in Kanti Children’s Hospital between 2003 and 2005 were examined. Meteorological data was obtained from Ministry of Environment, Nepal to examine the possibility on the impact of weather on rotavirus infection. Results Of 1250 stool specimens, 271(22%) were positive for rotavirus by Rotaclone ELISA. G1 was the most common serotype in the first year of study, and G2 in the following year. G12 serotype emerged and remained predominant in two consecutive years. In addition, G9 and G3 emerged in the second year of the study. Children less than three years of age were commonly affected. The records reveal that rotavirus infection is related to the climate, and is commonly seen in the dry season, peaking in January. Conclusions Continued surveillance of different regions is needed to monitor the trend of rotavirus strains and to establish rotavirus disease burden, which will help policy makers to make a decision in introducing rotavirus vaccine in Nepal. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v9i1.6259 Kathmandu Univ Med J 2011;9(1):32-35

scholarly journals Benign Convulsions with Mild Rotavirus and Norovirus Gastroenteritis: Nationwide Data from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service in South Korea

Children ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 263
Author(s):  
Dong Hyun Kim ◽  
Dong Jun Ha ◽  
Yeong Seok Lee ◽  
Min Jun Chun ◽  
Young Se Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Health Insurance ◽  
South Korea ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Annual Increase ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Norovirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Increasing Trend

There have been no large-scale studies on the epidemiology of benign convulsions with mild gastroenteritis (CwG) since the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine in South Korea in 2007. This study aimed to analyze the trends in rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and rotavirus-associated CwG (RaCwG) after rotavirus vaccination. Further, we aimed to analyze changes in norovirus gastroenteritis (NVGE) and norovirus-associated CwG (NaCwG) using nationwide data from the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. Between 2007 and 2019, this study analyzed children aged <6 years who were diagnosed with RVGE, NVGE, RaCwG and NaCwG. The changes in the prevalence of each disease and the ratio of CwG to enteritis were analyzed and the effects of age, sex and season were also analyzed. RVGE, RaCwG, NVGE and NaCwG were diagnosed in 273,898, 4246, 35,593 and 337 patients, respectively. The prevalence of RVGE was on a decreasing trend every year, but the prevalence of NaCwG and NVGE was on an increasing trend. There was a significant annual increase in the ratio of CwG to enteritis in both viruses. In order to control the prevalence of RaCwG, measures other than the rotavirus vaccine are required and measures to prevent norovirus are necessary.

A Rotavirus Vaccine for Prophylaxis of Infants Against Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

2004 ◽  
Vol 23 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S179-S182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice De Vos ◽  
Timo Vesikari ◽  
Alexandre C. Linhares ◽  
Bel??n Salinas ◽  
Irene P??rez-Schael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis

Impact of Monovalent Rotavirus Vaccine on Rotavirus Hospitalizations among Children Younger Than 5 Years of Age in the Ouest and Artibonite Departments, Haiti, 2013 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Marie Desormeaux ◽  
Eleanor Burnett ◽  
Gérard Joseph ◽  
Mentor Ali Ber Lucien ◽  
Negar Aliabadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccine ◽  
Vaccine Introduction ◽  
Rotavirus Vaccination ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Rotavirus Diarrhea ◽  
The Impact

Rotavirus is responsible for 26% of diarrheal deaths in Latin America and the Caribbean. Haiti introduced the monovalent rotavirus vaccine in April 2014. The objective of this analysis is to describe the impact of the rotavirus vaccine on hospitalizations among Haitian children younger than 5 years old during the first 5 years after introduction. This analysis includes all children with diarrhea who were enrolled as part of a sentinel surveillance system at two hospitals from May 2013 to April 2019. We compare the proportion of rotavirus-positive specimens in each post-vaccine introduction year to the pre-vaccine period. To account for the potential dilution of the proportion of rotavirus-positive specimens from a waning cholera outbreak, we also analyzed annual trends in the absolute number of positive stools, fit a two-component finite-mixture model to the negative specimens, and fit a negative binomial time series model to the pre-vaccine rotavirus-positive specimens to predict the number of rotavirus diarrhea hospital admissions in the absence of rotavirus vaccination. The overall percentage of rotavirus-positive specimens declined by 22% the first year after introduction, increased by 17% the second year, and declined by 33% to 50% the subsequent 3 years. All sensitivity analyses confirmed an overall decline. We observed a clear annual rotavirus seasonality before and after vaccine introduction, with the greatest activity in December through April, and a biennial pattern, with high sharp peaks and flatter longer periods of increased rotavirus activity in alternating years, consistent with suboptimal vaccination coverage. Overall, our study shows evidence that the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine reduced the burden of severe rotavirus diarrhea.

scholarly journals Profile of Brazilian scientific production on A/H1N1 pandemic influenza

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1629-1634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriana Luchs
Keyword(s):  
Impact Factor ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
H1n1 Pandemic ◽  
Public Funds ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Journal Impact ◽  
Bibliometric Studies ◽  
Made In

In the last few years, bibliometric studies have proliferated, seeking to provide data on world research. This study analyzes the profile of the Brazilian scientific production in the A (H1N1) influenza field between 2009 and 2011. The research was conducted in MEDLINE, SciELO and LILACS databases, selecting papers in which the term "H1N1" and "Brazil" were defined as the main topics. The data were analyzed taking into consideration the Brazilian state and institution in which the articles were produced, the impact factor of the journal and the language. The research revealed 40 documents (27 from MEDLINE, 16 from SciELO and 24 from LILACS). The journal impact factor ranged from 0.0977 to 8.1230. A similar amount of articles were written in English and Portuguese and São Paulo was the most productive state in the country, with 95% of the Brazilian production originating from the Southern and Southeastern regions. Linguistic data indicate that previous efforts made in order to improve the scientific production of Brazilian researchers making their observations attain a broader scientific audience produced results. It is necessary to assess the scientific studies, especially those conducted with public funds, in order to ensure that the results will benefit society.

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