Estimation of Shoreline Response Cost Factors

2003 ◽  
Vol 2003 (1) ◽  
pp. 1243-1253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dagmar Schmidt Etkin
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Sediment Type ◽  
Response Cost ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Response Data ◽  
Sediment Types ◽  
Oil Spill Cleanup ◽  
Cost Factors

ABSTRACT Data analyses on shoreline responses to two major US oil spills were analyzed to derive preliminary factors for estimating shoreline cleanup costs based on oiling degree, sediment type, labor and equipment requirements, and disposal costs. Per-unit area cost factors are calculated for marsh cleanup of a heavy fuel oil spill. Cleanup of heavily oiled areas cost an average of $lll/m2 for labor, equipment, and waste disposal, while lightly oiled areas cost an average of $5/m2. Worker-day requirements for cleanup of crude oil from a variety of sediment types from rocky to sand (by length) were calculated. Additional analyses are required to extrapolate equipment and disposal costs for development of sediment- and oiling-specific cost factors from this data. Further analyses on this and other spill response data are required to develop comprehensive shoreline response cost factors as part of the development of a methodology to estimate response costs for evaluating cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses.

scholarly journals Effect of long term natural weathering on oil composition: study of the 41-years-old Amoco Cadiz and 20-years-old Erika oil spills

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronan Jézéquel ◽  
Julien Guyomarch ◽  
Justine Receveur ◽  
Stéphane Le Floch
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Chloride ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Terrestrial Vegetation ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Steering Mechanism ◽  
Weathered Oil ◽  
Specific Degradation

On 16 March 1978, the oil tanker the Amoco Cadiz, transporting 223,000 tons of crude oil and 4,000 tons of bunker fuel oil, suffered a failure of her steering mechanism and ran aground on Portsall Rocks, on the Breton coast. The entire cargo spilled out as the breakers split the vessel in two, progressively polluting 360 km of French shoreline from Brest to Saint Brieuc. This was the largest oil spill caused by a tanker grounding ever recorded in the world. The consequences of this accident were significant, and it caused the French Government to revise its oil response plan (the Polmar Plan), to acquire equipment stocks (Polmar stockpiles), to impose traffic lanes in the Channel and to create Cedre. On 12 December 1999, the tanker Erika broke up and sank off the coast of Brittany (France) leading to the spill of 20,000 tons of a heavy fuel oil. 400 km of the French Atlantic coastline were polluted. Because of the characteristics of the oil (a very heavy fuel oil with a high content of light cracking oil) and the severe weather conditions (a centennial storm with spring tides) when the oil came on shore, the Erika spill was one of the most severe accidental releases of oil along the French coastlines. All types of habitat were concerned, and pollution reached the supratidal zone affecting terrestrial vegetation and lichens. In 2019, respectively 41 years and 20 years after these major oil spills affecting the French shoreline, a sampling round was conducted at two sites recorded to present some residual traces of oil. Samples of weathered oil were collected, extracted with methylene chloride and then purified through an alumina-silica microcolumn. SARA fractionation and GC-MS analyses were performed in order to assess respectively the total degradation of the weathered oil (amount of saturates, aromatics and polar fraction) and the specific degradation of nalkanes from n-C9 to n-C40, biomarkers (such as terpanes, hopanes and steranes) and PAHs (parents and alkylated derivatives).

scholarly journals THE USE OF SURFACE DRIFTING FLOATS IN THE MONITORING OF OIL SPILLS. THE PRESTIGE CASE

2005 ◽  
Vol 2005 (1) ◽  
pp. 613-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilio García-Ladona ◽  
Jordi Font ◽  
Evilio del Río ◽  
Agustí Julià ◽  
Jordi Salat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Wave Forecast ◽  
The Prestige

ABSTRACT On November 13th, 2002 the 26 year old tanker Prestige reported an emergency off the North Western Spanish coast (Galicia). The ship was carrying 77,000 tons of heavy fuel oil that started to be spilled while the vessel was towed away from the coast, affecting more than 900 km of shoreline. The location and the way the accident occurred implied a great challenge for the organization and coordinaton of actions to fight against the oil pollution. The site, just off the Finis terre cap, is a complex region from the oceanographic point of view and weather conditions, and this facilitated the fuel transport and spread over a great area. In order to take rapid preventive actions, it was crucial to have accurate spill trajectory forecasts covering direction and coastal impact. Under the coordination of public agencies and Spanish academic and research institutions, an operational monitoring system was built including wind and wave forecast, oil spill dispersion models, and visual inspection flights. Although the use of lagrangian floats was made in other incidents in the past (i.e Erika tanker) the characteristics of the Prestige accident indicated the need to deploy a relative great number of buoys as a major novelty respect to similar accidents in the past. The purpose of this contribution is to describe the operational actions performed during this particular accident, and to show the use of Lagrangian floats as an efficient procedure to improve the management and advice for such catastrophic events.

SELF-CLEANING CAPACITY OF SEACOASTS IN CASE OF OIL POLLUTION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrey Kuznetsov ◽  
Andrey Kuznetsov ◽  
Yury Fedorov ◽  
Yury Fedorov ◽  
Paul Fattal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
Sediment Types ◽  
Seawater Salinity ◽  
Self Cleaning ◽  
Joint Examination ◽  
Tanker Accidents

The sea coasts are especially exposed to the oil pollution harmful influence as they frequently suffer from oil spills relating to the tanker accidents, port and off-shore activities. The objective of the present research is to examine the rates of spilled fuel oil natural destruction on geographically different seacoasts and to evaluate their relationship with principal environmental factors such as climatic and hydrological conditions, coast exposure and geomorphology, sediment types, intensity of biogeochemical cycles. For this purpose, a number of contaminated sectors of the Atlantic coasts of France and Spain (areas of “Erika” and “Prestige” tanker accidents), the Strait of Kerch (“Volgoneft-139” tanker accident) and the Black Sea coast in Russia (area of Novorossiysk sea port) were studied. Long-term (from 6 to 15 years) field observations were carried out there. The oiled samples were analyzed with the use of thin layer and column chromatography, optical and gravimetric methods. The results show that in the course of time, the oil slicks demonstrate an exponential diminution in their size, number and in the ratio of labile hydrocarbons content to conservative asphaltic components content. The half-period of this diminution varies from less than 1 to 12 years, subject to the forms of fuel oil traces and geographical conditions. On the Strait of Kerch coast washed by shallow, slightly salted and highly bio-productive waters of the Sea of Azov the spilled fuel oil tends to disappear twice as rapidly as on French and Spanish coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The joint examination of the observed rates of oil pollution natural destruction and the geographical conditions of studied sites shows that temperature and seawater salinity are the crucial environmental factors of self-cleaning process.

Comparison and Assessment of Waste Generated during Oil Spills

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 (1) ◽  
pp. 1647-1658 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Wadsworth
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Deepwater Horizon ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Contingency Planning ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Spilled Oil

ABSTRACT Experience has shown that the most time-consuming and costly component of a response to an oil spill is often the treatment or disposal of collected waste. The amount of waste generated is dependent on many factors, some which may be controlled more readily during the response. This paper analyses a number of important incidents as a result of which spilled oil affected shoreline resources with significant resultant clean-up effort. Spills of crude oil and of heavy fuel oil carried as cargo in tankers are reviewed to determine the types and volumes of waste generated and the clean-up methods undertaken to generate that waste. A comparison of the incidents will allow the most effective response methods to be determined, to show the techniques that generated the least volumes of waste. Data from DEEPWATER HORIZON is included to allow a discussion of the associated response. To achieve a practical comparison, the amount of waste is balanced against the amount of oil spilled to determine the oil:waste ratio. This ratio has evolved over many years into a long held guideline, used often for the purpose of contingency planning, that the amount of waste generated during an incident is approximately ten times the amount of oil spilled. This paper shows that with appropriate response actions, the guideline can be upheld.

Oil Spill Risks from Nontank Vessels1

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-266
Author(s):  
Jean R. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
West Coast ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Oil Pollution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Emergency Plan ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT An issue of increasing concern worldwide is that of oil spills from nontank vessels that carry large quantities of petroleum product as fuel or lubricants. The New Carissa incident in Oregon in 1999 is only one of several that have impacted the U.S. West Coast in the last few years. Others include the M/V Kuroshima, which grounded in Dutch Harbor, Alaska in 1997, and the M/V Kure, which spilled oil in Humbolt Bay also in 1997. The Tenyo Maru was cut in half in a collision and sank with the loss of one life and a spill of at least 100,000 gallons of heavy fuel oil and diesel in Washington State in 1991. Additional examples of both spills and threats of spills are sited, both in the United States and worldwide. This paper examines a number of actions that have been taken in response to this threat. One such model is the Canadian requirement that vessel owner/operators demonstrate a formal agreement with an approved response contractor, and list that contractor in their Shipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP). A more comprehensive approach would be to establish approved “umbrella” contingency plans for major port areas, supported by contracts with oil spill removal organizations (OSROs). This preferred model has been adopted by the U.S. West Coast states, and affords the opportunity for the contracted responders to drill with emergency response officials, thus improving the likelihood of an efficient, coordinated spill response. This paper also proposes spill prevention design elements for nontank vessels.

scholarly journals A 3-YEAR BASELINE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS STUDY OF PETROLEUM POLLUTANTS IN COASTAL LOUISIANA

2001 ◽  
Vol 2001 (2) ◽  
pp. 851-856 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Gisclair ◽  
Debra McMillin
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Contaminant Sources

ABSTRACT The Louisiana Oil Spill Coordinator's Office (LOSCO) has conducted a 3-year study of baseline petroleum pollutant levels in South Louisiana. The project collected a total of 3,540 composite sediment samples from 1,180 sites. Each site was sampled three times, once a year from 1997 through 1999. Samples were collected within four zones; each zone was assigned to a different contractor. The zones were located primarily along the Louisiana coast, with additional sampling points along the Mississippi River, Atchafalaya Navigation Channel, Red River, and Ouachita-Black River. LOSCO emphasized areas at high risk of sustaining oil spills. The project required a 10 parts-per-billion detection limit for 65 analytes, including parent and alkylated polynuclear aromatic hyrdrocarbons (PAHs), saturated hydrocarbons (up to 35 carbon units), pristane, phytane, hopanes, and steranes. The targeted analytes provide a sample profile that can be used to both classify contaminant sources (crude, heavy fuel oil, combustion sources, etc.) and identify crude oil sources. To standardize analytical results between contract laboratories and to ensure data quality, LOSCO funded development of an analytical standard operating procedure (SOP). The SOP describes a tumbling method of sample extraction and gas Chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) selected ion mode (SIM) analysis. This method is similar to procedures used to assess the environmental impacts of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, as well as other spills. SOP appendices describe identification and standardization procedures for quantifying alkylated PAH. Extraction and quantitative analysis of a reference-contaminated sediment supplied by LOSCO was required for every 30 samples. The review process included: (1) a review of electronic spreadsheets to pinpoint incorrect or invalid results, and (2) an examination of hardcopy laboratory documents and electronic data files to determine if the analysis and data processing were performed correctly. Baseline Sampling and Analysis Monitor Point Locations data sets1, in Geographic NAD83 (LOSCO, 1999a) for each of the sampling years, have been compiled in a geographical information system (GIS) format. Analytical results will be provided via the Internet or CD-ROM. The linking of field and analytical results allows examination and spatial analysis of study results.

ESTIMATING OIL VOLUME FOR THE 2006 SAVANNAH RIVER MYSTERY SPILL

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 (1) ◽  
pp. 541-544
Author(s):  
Heidi Dunagan ◽  
Jacqueline Michel ◽  
Bradford Benggio
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Percent Cover ◽  
Savannah River ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Original Estimate ◽  
History Of ◽  
Length Width

ABSTRACT The July 2006 spill of heavy fuel oil into the Savannah River, in Savannah, Georgia, presented two common issues facing responders: the source and amount spilled were unknown and the oil contaminated extensive areas of fringing marshes. The initial spill volume was estimated to be 5,000 gallons. Shoreline assessment teams mapped the length, width, height, and percent cover of the oil bands on the vegetation, determining that approximately 7.25 miles were very lightly oiled, 5.0 miles were lightly oiled, 6.3 miles were moderately oiled, and 2.0 miles were heavily oiled. These data were used to estimate that there were 22,000 gallons of oil (with a range of 17,220–28,700 gallons) on the vegetation, indicating that the original estimate of 5,000 gallons was too low. This poster will briefly discuss the history of oil spills on the Savannah River as well as summarize the methods used to estimate spill volume during the 2006 oil spill.

Long-Term Fate of a Heavy Fuel Oil in a Spill-Contaminated B.C. Coastal Bay

1978 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Cretney ◽  
C. S. Wong ◽  
D. R. Green ◽  
C. A. Bawden
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Marine Fauna ◽  
Coastal Bay ◽  
Long Term Studies

The fate of accidently spilled No. 5 fuel oil in a small coastal bay in British Columbia was observed 6 times during 4 yr. The oil's composition was first changed by loss of the lower molecular weight components by evaporation and dissolution. Biodegradation accounted for almost complete removal of n-alkanes in the 1st yr. Pristane and phytane were biodegraded more slowly, but were almost completely gone in 4 yr. The non-n-alkane components in the nC28–30 range seem to be the most resistant to degradation of all the components resolved in the gas chromatograms. The resistance to degradation of these components indicates their potential for long-term studies of oil spills. Key words: petroleum, fate, environment, gas chromatography, n-alkanes, pristane, marine fauna and flora

scholarly journals DMAIC Six Sigma Methodology in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Oil Classification

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.14) ◽  
pp. 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Azimah Ismail ◽  
Saiful Bahri Mohamed ◽  
Hafizan Juahir ◽  
Mohd Ekhwan Toriman ◽  
Azlina Md. Kassim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Spill ◽  
Six Sigma ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Fuel Oil ◽  
Heavy Fuel Oil ◽  
Pareto Chart ◽  
Six Sigma Approach ◽  
Oil Type

This research focuses on the use of the DMAIC method (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve and Control) as a Six Sigma approach in studying oil spill fingerprint of samples recovered from Peninsular Malaysia and Sabah (East Malaysia). The DMAIC approach in this study was used as a way to classify oil types based on data obtained from GC-FID and GC-MS measurements. The cause-effect diagram was used to define the factors leading to the failure of the oil spill fingerprinting based on inaccurate oil type clustering. Discriminant Analysis (DA) was also applied to quantify the root-cause of the failure. An Ishikawa diagram obtained in the analysis phase identifies the potential failure causal. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied and was successful in discriminating four clusters of oil types, namely diesel, heavy fuel oil (HFO), mixture oil lube and fuel oil (MOLFO) and waste oil (WO) with a total variance of 85.3%. In the control phase, the use of a Pareto chart indicated 100% cumulative percentage of oil type clustering with a 95% confidence level. The DMAIC approach to be effective in solving oil spill fingerprinting problems and results in quality improvement in the clustering of oil spills into the different hydrocarbon types.  

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