Lymph node inspired computing: towards immune system inspired human-engineered complex systems

The immune system is a distributed decentralized system that functions without any centralized control. The immune system has millions of cells that function somewhat independently and can detect and respond to pathogens with considerable speed and efficiency. Lymph nodes are physical anatomical structures that allow the immune system to rapidly detect pathogens and mobilize cells to respond to it. Lymph nodes function as: 1) information processing centers, and 2) a distributed detection and response network. We introduce biologically inspired computing that uses lymph nodes as inspiration. We outline applications to diverse domains like mobile robots, distributed computing clusters, peer-to-peer networks and online social networks. We argue that lymph node inspired computing systems provide powerful metaphors for distributed computing and complement existing artificial immune systems. We view our work as a first step towards holistic simulations of the immune system that would capture all the complexities and the power of a complex adaptive system like the immune system. Ultimately this would lead to holistic immune system inspired computing that captures all the complexities and power of the immune system in human-engineered complex systems.

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Lymph node inspired computing: towards holistic immune system inspired algorithms for human-engineered complex systems

10.7287/peerj.preprints.3150v2 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Soumya Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Immune System ◽

Distributed Computing ◽

Complex Systems ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Online Social Networks ◽

Complex Adaptive System ◽

Artificial Immune Systems ◽

Centralized Control ◽

Decentralized System

The immune system is a distributed decentralized system that functions without any centralized control. The immune system has millions of cells that function somewhat independently and can detect and respond to pathogens with considerable speed and efficiency. Lymph nodes are physical anatomical structures that allow the immune system to rapidly detect pathogens and mobilize cells to respond to it. Lymph nodes function as: 1) information processing centers, and 2) a distributed detection and response network. We introduce biologically inspired computing that uses lymph nodes as inspiration. We outline applications to diverse domains like mobile robots, distributed computing clusters, peer-to-peer networks and online social networks. We argue that lymph node inspired computing systems provide powerful metaphors for distributed computing and complement existing artificial immune systems. We view our work as a first step towards holistic simulations of the immune system that would capture all the complexities and the power of a complex adaptive system like the immune system. Ultimately this would lead to holistic immune system inspired computing that captures all the complexities and power of the immune system in human-engineered complex systems.

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Lymph node inspired computing: towards holistic immune system inspired algorithms for human-engineered complex systems

10.7287/peerj.preprints.3150v1 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Soumya Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Immune System ◽

Distributed Computing ◽

Complex Systems ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Online Social Networks ◽

Complex Adaptive System ◽

Artificial Immune Systems ◽

Centralized Control ◽

Decentralized System

The immune system is a distributed decentralized system that functions without any centralized control. The immune system has millions of cells that function somewhat independently and can detect and respond to pathogens with considerable speed and efficiency. Lymph nodes are physical anatomical structures that allow the immune system to rapidly detect pathogens and mobilize cells to respond to it. Lymph nodes function as: 1) information processing centers, and 2) a distributed detection and response network. We introduce biologically inspired computing that uses lymph nodes as inspiration. We outline applications to diverse domains like mobile robots, distributed computing clusters, peer-to-peer networks and online social networks. We argue that lymph node inspired computing systems provide powerful metaphors for distributed computing and complement existing artificial immune systems. We view our work as a first step towards holistic simulations of the immune system that would capture all the complexities and the power of a complex adaptive system like the immune system. Ultimately this would lead to holistic immune system inspired computing that captures all the complexities and power of the immune system in human-engineered complex systems.

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Lymph node inspired computing: immune system inspired architectures for human-engineered complex systems

10.7287/peerj.preprints.3150v3 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Soumya Banerjee

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Immune System ◽

Distributed Computing ◽

Complex Systems ◽

Lymph Nodes ◽

Online Social Networks ◽

Complex Adaptive System ◽

Artificial Immune Systems ◽

Centralized Control ◽

Decentralized System

The immune system is a distributed decentralized system that functions without any centralized control. The immune system has millions of cells that function somewhat independently and can detect and respond to pathogens with considerable speed and efficiency. Lymph nodes are physical anatomical structures that allow the immune system to rapidly detect pathogens and mobilize cells to respond to it. Lymph nodes function as: 1) information processing centers, and 2) a distributed detection and response network. We introduce biologically inspired computing that uses lymph nodes as inspiration. We outline applications to diverse domains like mobile robots, distributed computing clusters, peer-to-peer networks and online social networks. We argue that lymph node inspired computing systems provide powerful metaphors for distributed computing and complement existing artificial immune systems. We view our work as a first step towards holistic simulations of the immune system that would capture all the complexities and the power of a complex adaptive system like the immune system. Ultimately this would lead to holistic immune system inspired computing that captures all the complexities and power of the immune system in human-engineered complex systems.

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Effects of glucocorticoids on lymphocyte metabolism

AJP Endocrinology and Metabolism ◽

10.1152/ajpendo.1993.264.1.e24 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 264 (1) ◽

pp. E24-E28

Author(s):

M. A. Serrano ◽

R. Curi ◽

M. Parry-Billings ◽

J. F. Williams ◽

E. A. Newsholme

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Immune System ◽

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ◽

Incubation Medium ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Immunosuppressive Effect ◽

Glutamine Metabolism ◽

Pyruvate Metabolism

The immunosuppressive effect of glucocorticoids has been widely reported; however, the mechanism of action of these hormones on the immune system has not been fully established. In the present study, the effect of glucocorticoids on glucose, glutamine, and pyruvate metabolism in lymph node lymphocytes was investigated. Addition of dexamethasone to the incubation medium did not alter glucose and glutamine metabolism but inhibited pyruvate utilization by 40%. This latter effect took 1 h to occur and remained for up to 6 h, even after removal of dexamethasone from the culture medium. Measurements of the activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in lymphocytes and the rate of [1–14C]-pyruvate conversion into 14CO2 in incubated lymphocyte mitochondria demonstrated that glucocorticoids decrease pyruvate utilization by inhibiting the activity of this key regulatory enzyme. The effect of such an inhibition of pyruvate utilization on the function of cells of the immune system remains to be clarified.

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Adaptive and innate immune cell responses in tendons and lymph nodes after tendon injury and repair

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/japplphysiol.00682.2019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 128 (3) ◽

pp. 473-482 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Andrew C. Noah ◽

Thomas M. Li ◽

Leandro M. Martinez ◽

Susumu Wada ◽

Jacob B. Swanson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cells ◽

Lymph Node ◽

Immune System ◽

Innate Immune System ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Tendon Healing ◽

Tendon Injury ◽

Innate Immune ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Immune Cell Response

Tendon injuries are a common clinical condition with limited treatment options. The cellular components of the innate immune system, such as neutrophils and macrophages, have been studied in tendon injuries. However, the adaptive immune system, comprising specialized lymphocytes, plays an important role in orchestrating the healing of numerous tissues, but less is known about these cells in tendon healing. To gain a greater understanding of the biological processes that regulate tendon healing, we determined how the cellular components of the adaptive and innate immune system respond to a tendon injury using two-month-old male mice. We observed that lymphatic vasculature is present in the epitenon and superficial regions of Achilles tendons, and that the lymphatics drain into the popliteal lymph node. We then created an acute Achilles tenotomy followed by repair, and collected tendons and popliteal lymph nodes 1, 2, and 4 wk after injury. Tendon injury resulted in a robust adaptive immune cell response that followed an initial innate immune cell response in tendons and lymph nodes. Monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages initially accumulated at 1 wk after injury in tendons, while dendritic cells and CD4+ T cells peaked at 2 wk after injury. B cells and CD8+ T cells progressively increased over time. In parallel, immune cells of the popliteal lymph node demonstrated a similarly coordinated response to the injury. These results suggest that there is an adaptive immune response to tendon injury, and adaptive immune cells may play a role in regulating tendon healing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY While the innate immune system, consisting of macrophages and related hematopoietic cells, has been studied in tendon injury, less is known about the adaptive immune system. Using a mouse model of Achilles tendon tenotomy and repair, we observed an adaptive immune cell response, consisting of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and B cells, which occur through 4 wk after tendon injury. This response appeared to be coordinated by the draining popliteal lymph node.

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Immunofluorescent characterization of non-myelinating Schwann cells and their interactions with immune cells in mouse mesenteric lymph node

European Journal of Histochemistry ◽

10.4081/ejh.2017.2827 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 61 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Zhongli Shi ◽

Wayne K. Greene ◽

Philip K. Nicholls ◽

Dailun Hu ◽

Janina E.E. Tirnitz-Parker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Dendritic Cells ◽

Lymph Node ◽

Immune System ◽

Mesenteric Lymph Node ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Cell Interactions ◽

Immunofluorescent Staining ◽

Local Interactions ◽

Mesenteric Lymph

The central nervous system (CNS) influences the immune system in a general fashion by regulating the systemic concentration of humoral substances, whereas the autonomic nervous system communicates specifically with the immune system according to local interactions. Data concerning the mechanisms of this bidirectional crosstalk of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and immune system remain limited. To gain a better understanding of local interactions of the PNS and immune system, we have used immunofluorescent staining of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), coupled with confocal microscopy, to investigate the non-myelinating Schwann cell (NMSC)-immune cell interactions in mouse mesenteric lymph nodes. Our results demonstrate i) the presence of extensive NMSC processes and even of cell bodies in each compartment of the mouse mesenteric lymph node; ii) close associations/interactions of NMSC processes with blood vessels (including high endothelial venules) and the lymphatic vessel/sinus; iii) close contacts/associations of NMSC processes with various subsets of dendritic cells (such as CD4+CD11c+, CD8+CD11c+ dendritic cells), macrophages (F4/80+ and CD11b+ macrophages), and lymphocytes. Our novel findings concerning the distribution of NMSCs and NMSC-immune cell interactions inside the mouse lymph node should help to elucidate the mechanisms through which the PNS affects cellular- and humoral-mediated immune responses or vice versa in health and disease.

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A human immune system mouse model with robust lymph node development

Nature Methods ◽

10.1038/s41592-018-0071-6 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 15 (8) ◽

pp. 623-630 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Yan Li ◽

Guillemette Masse-Ranson ◽

Zacarias Garcia ◽

Timothée Bruel ◽

Ayrin Kök ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Immune System ◽

Mouse Model ◽

Human Immune System ◽

Human Immune ◽

Node Development

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Right-sided lateralization of skin temperature in healthy young persons

Clinical & Investigative Medicine ◽

10.25011/cim.v39i6.27515 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 (6) ◽

pp. 121 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Havva Demirel ◽

Arzu Bahar ◽

Nurcan Gokgoz ◽

Muzeyyen Arslan ◽

Senol Dane

Keyword(s):

Lymph Node ◽

Immune System ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

The Body ◽

Node Distribution ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Close Relationship ◽

The Right ◽

Relationship Of

Purpose: Previous studies reported a peripheral immune asymmetry and lateralization of different paired organ cancers. Because of the close relationship of immune system with body temperature, the aim of the study was to test the possible lateralization of skin temperature. Materials and Methods: Four hundred sixty three healthy subjects (325 women, 138 men) with an average age of 23.62 years (SD = 8.65) participated in this study. All skin temperature measurements were done 8:00-9:00 a.m. Skin temperature was assessed for three different points in skin: axillary, thumb and external auditory. Results: Skin temperature was statistically significantly higher on the right side of the body than on the left side, when measured by axillary and thumb temperatures. But there was no statistically significant difference in external auditory temperature. Conclusion: The asymmetry of skin temperature may result from the peripheral immune asymmetry or the asymmetric lymph node distribution.

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The effect of transplantation of bone marrow cells induced by the contact with thymus-derived multipotent stromal cells on the immune system of mice, regenerating after cyclophosphamide treatment

Cell and Organ Transplantology ◽

10.22494/cot.v6i2.89 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

D. Demchenko

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Lymph Node ◽

Immune System ◽

Stromal Cells ◽

Bone Marrow Cells ◽

Multipotent Stromal Cells ◽

Hypersensitivity Response ◽

Cyclophosphamide Treatment ◽

Lymph Node Cells ◽

Marrow Cells

The effect of transplantation of syngeneic bone marrow cells (BMCs) after their contact in vitro with thymus-derived multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) for regeneration of damaged by cyclophosphamide immune system of mice was studied.Materials and methods. MSCs were obtained from C57BL/6 mice’s thymus by explants method. BMCs were obtained by flushing the femurs. BMCs were induced for 2 hours on the monolayer of thymus-derived MSCs. The immune deficiency of mice was modelled using cyclophosphamide injection. After that, cell transplantation was performed and the state of the immune system was assessed. The number of erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration in the peripheral blood; the phases of the cell cycle and apoptosis of mesenteric lymph node cells were determined. The amount of antibody-producing cells in the spleen and the delayed hypersensitivity response was determined. The study of proliferative and cytotoxic activity of natural killer lymphocytes, the analysis of phagocytosis, spontaneous and induced bactericidal activity of peritoneal macrophages were performed.Results. It was shown that unlike intact bone marrow cells, BMCs induced by thymus-derived MSCs provided increased spontaneous proliferative activity of lymphocytes with a decrease in the number of lymph node cells in G0/G1 phase by 6.2 % and an increase the number of lymphocytes in S+G2/M phase by 28 % in comparison with the group of mice treated with cyclophosphamide, as well as the recovery of cellularity of the bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen. At the same time in the lymph nodes, the number of cells in the apoptosis increased. BMCs induced by MSCs showed a pronounced negative effect on natural cytotoxicity, reducing its rates by 3 times compared with the group of cyclophosphamide-treated mice, and on adaptive immunity: the rates of delayed hypersensitivity response decreased by 1.7 times, number of antibody-producing cells by 1.8 times. Red blood cell regeneration was stimulated by intact BMCs, which was manifested by the normalization of hematocrit and hemoglobin and an increase in the number of reticulocytes in the blood by 2.2 times compared with the group of mice treated with cyclophosphamide.Conclusion. Transplanted BMCs improve erythropoiesis in mice after cyclophosphamide treatment, and BMCs, previously induced by thymus-derived MSCs, lose this ability. BMCs after co-culture are strongly activated to impact on the immune system, which is most likely due to the effect of contact interaction with thymus-derived MSCs, which is known, effectively affect hematopoietic cells and possess immunomodulatory properties.

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