scholarly journals Sustainable Development of the Steppe in the Region of El Bayadh, Approach to a New Fattening System

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Mekhloufi Moulay Brahim ◽  
Mohamed Khader ◽  
Tayeb Nouri ◽  
Mahari Latifa
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Breeding Systems ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Type 3

The objective of this research is to follow the evolution and sustainability of the natural resource management systems adopted by different breeders found in the Al Bayadh region in Algeria. Using a stratified sampling method, 52 farms were surveyed between 2010 and 2015 to capture the diversity of farming systems and identify changes in land use patterns. The findings of the research reveal a predominance of sedentary and semi-transhumant farming systems with a sharp decline in nomadism. This study enabled us to identify three types of breeding: sedentary breeding systems with short-term fattening (type 1), semi-sedentary systems with medium-term fattening (type 2), and transhumant/nomadic systems with long-term fattening (type 3) that therefore reflect a diversity of actions in the management of the risk that threaten livestock production.

Treatments for Eating Disorders

2007 ◽  
pp. 579-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Terence Wilson ◽  
Christopher G. Fairburn
Keyword(s):  
Eating Disorder ◽  
Binge Eating ◽  
Antidepressant Medication ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Core ◽  
Core Features

A very substantial number of well-designed studies (Type 1 and Type 2) have shown that manual-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is currently the treatment of choice for bulimia nervosa (BN); roughly half of patients receiving CBT cease binge eating and purging. Well accepted by patients, CBT is the most effective means of eliminating the core features of the eating disorder and is often accompanied by improvement in psychological problems such as low self-esteem and depression; long-term maintenance of improvement is reasonably good. A large number of good to excellent outcome studies (Type 1 and Type 2) suggest that different classes of antidepressant drugs produce significantly greater reductions in the short term for binge eating and purging in BN patients than a placebo treatment; the long-term effects of antidepressant medication on BN remain untested. There is little evidence that combining CBT with antidepressant medication significantly enhances improvement in the core features of BN, although it may aid in treating comorbid anxiety and depression. The continuing paucity of controlled research on outcomes of treatment for anorexia nervosa (AN) contrasts sharply with the quantity and quality of research on outcomes of treatment for BN and binge-eating disorder (BED). Nevertheless, a specific form of family therapy, referred to as the Maudsley Model, has shown promising effects on AN in adolescent patients, although this remains to be shown to be a specific effect. Several different psychological treatments appear equally effective in reducing the frequency of binge eating in the short term in BED; these treatments include CBT, interpersonal therapy (IPT), behavioral weight loss programs, and guided self-help based on cognitive-behavioral principles. To date, only CBT and IPT have been shown to have significant longer term effects in eliminating binge eating. Evidence on the specific effects of antidepressant medication on BED is mixed. As yet, there has been no research on the treatment of the most common eating disorder diagnosis, “eating disorder not otherwise specified.”

scholarly journals The Efficacy of Mobile Phone Apps for Lifestyle Modification in Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinghan Wu ◽  
Xitong Guo ◽  
Zhiwei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 1 Diabetes ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Short Term

BACKGROUND Diabetes and related complications are estimated to cost US $727 billion worldwide annually. Type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes are three subtypes of diabetes that share the same behavioral risk factors. Efforts in lifestyle modification, such as daily physical activity and healthy diets, can reduce the risk of prediabetes, improve the health levels of people with diabetes, and prevent complications. Lifestyle modification is commonly performed in a face-to-face interaction, which can prove costly. Mobile phone apps provide a more accessible platform for lifestyle modification in diabetes. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to summarize and synthesize the clinical evidence of the efficacy of mobile phone apps for lifestyle modification in different subtypes of diabetes. METHODS In June 2018, we conducted a literature search in 5 databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, and PsycINFO). We evaluated the studies that passed screening using The Cochrane Collaboration’s risk of bias tool. We conducted a meta-analysis for each subtype on the mean difference (between intervention and control groups) at the posttreatment glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level. Where possible, we analyzed subgroups for short-term (3-6 months) and long-term (9-12 months) studies. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. RESULTS We identified total of 2669 articles through database searching. After the screening, we included 26 articles (23 studies) in the systematic review, of which 18 studies (5 type 1 diabetes, 11 type 2 diabetes, and 2 prediabetes studies) were eligible for meta-analysis. For type 1 diabetes, the overall effect on HbA1c was statistically insignificant (P=.46) with acceptable heterogeneity (I2=39%) in the short-term subgroup (4 studies) and significant heterogeneity between the short-term and long-term subgroups (I2=64%). Regarding type 2 diabetes, the overall effect on HbA1c was statistically significant (P<.01) in both subgroups, and when the 2 subgroups were combined, there was virtually no heterogeneity within and between the subgroups (I2 range 0%-2%). The effect remained statistically significant (P<.01) after adjusting for publication bias using the trim and fill method. For the prediabetes condition, the overall effect on HbA1c was statistically insignificant (P=.67) with a large heterogeneity (I2=65%) between the 2 studies. CONCLUSIONS There is strong evidence for the efficacy of mobile phone apps for lifestyle modification in type 2 diabetes. The evidence is inconclusive for the other diabetes subtypes.

Understanding Farm Diversity through Typology for Technological Interventions in Western Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, India

2022 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-129
Author(s):  
K. J. Raghavendra ◽  
L. R. Meena ◽  
A. L. Meena ◽  
Debashis Dutta ◽  
Nirmal k ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Technological Interventions ◽  
And Cluster Analysis ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Large Farms ◽  
Farm Types

The farming systems having diverse characteristics need to be understand for tailoredtechnological interventions. Farm typology designates the heterogeneous farmers’characteristics in to homogenous groups to understand the factual situation in the region.The multivariate analysis viz. PCA and Cluster analysis performed to minimize data andgroup them into homogenous characteristics by various farm variables. A cross sectionsurvey of 120 farmers in WPZ of Uttar Pradesh was carried out and identified 9 significantvariables and generated 4 PCs from PCA. Hierarchical clustering of PCs leads to groupingfarms into homogenous class. The predominant farm types based are type-1 (22.5%)livestock based intensive farms, type-2 (23.3%) are resource endowed large farms, type-3(10.8%) are crop based marginal farms and type-4 (43.3%) are small farmers with highprofit margin. Large farms are integrated with crop and animal components earning higherincome. The results show that the diversified farms with both livestock and crop sectorsare reaping better income and technology adoption capacities.

Ecotourism and conservation in Amazonian Perú: short-term and long-term challenges

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS W. YU ◽  
THOMAS HENDRICKSON ◽  
ADA CASTILLO
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
National Level ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Land Use Patterns ◽  
Moral Hazards ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Success Stories ◽  
Land Titles

Several authors have suggested that ecotourism can enhance the value of intact wildlands and thereby promote conservation. Two rainforest lodges dating from the 1970s and located in southeastern Amazonian Perú have been held up as early success stories in tourism-driven conservation, but a more recent assessment reveals that both lodges have since lost their rainforest reserves to encroachment. One of the major reasons for failure was that the national land laws in effect at the time did not allow the purchase of land titles. Recently, Perú has instituted a process for the purchase of land titles in the rainforest. One lodge has used the new land tenure laws with some success to create a rainforest reserve. The very attempt to buy land for purposes of conservation can promote encroachment and land-buying speculation, and the lodge's current agreement with its neighbours to provide a school in exchange for non-encroachment is fraught with moral hazards and appears unstable over the long term. Tourism can promote conservation primarily at the national level, and ecotourism projects in the Peruvian Amazon can stabilize land-use patterns at least in the short term. However, the conservation of habitat over the long-term will rest primarily on the ability of the State to enforce a consistent land use policy with regard to land tenure and Park protection.

scholarly journals Educating 14- to 19-year-olds in England: a UK lens on possible futures

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Hodgson ◽  
Ken Spours
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Upper Secondary Education ◽  
Upper Secondary ◽  
Convergence And Divergence ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
And Training

Here we draw on recent research and on earlier contributions on convergence and divergence across Great Britain to consider possible future trajectories for 14–19 education and training in England. We use a UK-wide lens to reflect on 14–19 strategies in England by showing how common issues can be tackled in different ways in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The article identifies what could be seen as three models of upper secondary education – Type 1 (England); Type 2 (Scotland and Wales); and Type 3 (Northern Ireland) – that have been part of the picture of divergence. We conclude that the process of divergence is likely to continue in the short-term but, in the longer term, wider political factors could produce post-devolution convergence.

Hereditary and acquired angioedema

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (6) ◽  
pp. 441-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gayatri Patel ◽  
Jacqueline A. Pongracic
Keyword(s):  
Factor Xii ◽  
Autosomal Dominant Disorder ◽  
Acquired Angioedema ◽  
Enzyme Replacement ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Esterase Inhibitor

Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is an autosomal dominant disorder defined by a deficiency of functional C1 esterase inhibitor (C1-INH). Acquired angioedema is due to either consumption (type 1) or inactivation (type 2) of CI-INH. Both HAE and acquired angioedema can be life-threatening. Of the three types of HAE, type 1 is most common, occurring in approximately 85% of patients and characterized by decreased production of C1-INH, which results in reduced functional activity to 5‐40% of normal. Type 2 occurs in 15% of cases; C1-INH is detectable in normal or elevated quantities but is dysfunctional. Also, HAE with normal CI-INH (previously called type 3 HAE) is rare and characterized by normal complement studies. Specific genetic mutations have been linked to factor XII, angiopoietin-1, and plasminogen gene. Patients with unknown mutations are classified as unknown. The screening test for types 1 and 2 is complement component C4, which is low to absent at times of angioedema and during quiescent periods. A useful test to differentiate HAE from acquired angioedema is C1q protein, which is normal in HAE and low in acquired angioedema. The management of HAE has been transformed with the advent of disease-specific therapies. On-demand therapy options include plasma and recombinant C1-INH for intravenous infusion; ecallantide, an inhibitor of kallikrein; and icatibant, a bradykinin β2 receptor antagonist, both administered subcutaneously. For long-term prophylaxis, intravenous or subcutaneous C1-INH enzyme replacement and lanadelumab, a monoclonal antibody against kallikrein that is administered subcutaneously, are effective agents.

scholarly journals Management of acute intestinal failure

2011 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith R. Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Failure ◽  
Intestinal Resection ◽  
Nutrition Support ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Hospital Transfer ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Intestinal Absorptive Function

Intestinal failure (IF) occurs when intestinal absorptive function is inadequate to maintain hydration and nutrition without enteral or parenteral supplements. It has been classified into three types depending on duration of nutrition support and reversibility. Type 1 IF is commonly seen in the peri-operative period as ileus and usually spontaneously resolves within 14 d. Type 2 IF is uncommon and is often associated with an intra-abdominal catastrophe, intestinal resection, sepsis, metabolic disturbances and undernutrition. Type 3 IF is a chronic condition in a metabolically stable patient, which usually requires long-term parenteral nutrition. This paper focuses on Types 1 and 2 IF (or acute IF) that are usually found in surgical wards. The objectives of this paper are to review the incidence, aetiology, prevention, management principles and outcome of acute IF. The paper discusses the resources necessary to manage acute IF, the indications for inter-hospital transfer and the practicalities of how to transfer and receive a patient with acute IF.

Abstract #238: Improved Short Term and Long Term Outcomes of Early Insulin Initiation in Type 2 Diabetes Over 10 Years

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Jothydev Kesavadev ◽  
Shashank Joshi ◽  
Banshi Saboo ◽  
Hemant Thacker ◽  
Arun Shankar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Initiation ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Short Term

FUNCTIONAL STATUS AND ADAPTIVE POTENTIAL IN FOREIGN STUDENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATIVE REGULATION DURING TUITION

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
A.M. Satarkulova
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Foreign Students ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Type 3 ◽  
Adaptive Abilities

The assessment and dynamic control over students’ status is a very important task. It allows timely detection of prenosological status prior to pathology and health maintenance in students. The objective of the paper is to assess the adaptive abilities of the body, to analyze changes in heart rate variability indicators in students with various types of autonomic regulation, to identify prenosological status and precursory pathological symptoms. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 302 students from India, aged 21.54±1.43. Programming complex «Psychophysiologist» was used to register the main HRV parameters within 5 minutes. Health status was evaluated according to the index of functional changes and the scale of functional states. Results. N.I. Shlyk (2009) distinguished two groups of students with different types of autonomic regulation: type 1 (53 %) with moderate and type 2 (5 %) with marked characteristics of central regulation profile, type 3 (35 %) with moderate and type 4 (7 %) with marked characteristics of autonomous regulation profile. Main parameters of HRV and adaptation potential were defined for each student.All the parameters characterized functional and health status. Conclusions. It was shown that 82 % of trial subjects (type 1), 53 % (type 2), 94 % (type 3) and 95 % (type 4) demonstrated satisfactory adaptation and their physiological processes were at an optimal level. 18 % of students (type 1) demonstrated reduced adaptive abilities of the body. Moreover, they were under moderate stress. 47 % of subjects (type 2) were also under a significant stress, which was proven by excessively high SI, low SDNN and TP, and an increased index of functional changes. 5 % of students (type 4) revealed dysfunctional characteristics in the heart rhythm, peculiar to pathology. Keywords: foreign students, heart rate variability, types of autonomic regulation, adaptation potential, functional status. Оценка состояния студентов и динамический контроль за ним является важной задачей, поскольку позволяет своевременно выявлять у студентов донозологические состояния, предшествующие патологии, и способствовать сохранению здоровья. Цель. Оценка адаптивных возможностей организма, анализ изменений показателей вариабельности сердечного ритма у студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции, выявление донозологических состояний и ранних признаков патологии. Материалы и методы. В исследовании участвовало 302 студента в возрасте 21,54+1,43 года из Индии. Регистрировались основные параметры ВСР в течение 5 мин с использованием программно-аппаратного комплекса «Психофизиолог». Состояние и уровень здоровья оценивались по индексу функциональных изменений и шкале функциональных состояний. Результаты. По способу, предложенному Н.И. Шлык, выделены группы студентов с различными типами вегетативной регуляции: I (53 %) и II типы (5 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием центрального контура регуляции соответственно, III (35 %) и IV типы (7 %) – с умеренным и выраженным преобладанием автономного контура регуляции соответственно. У каждого из студентов определены основные параметры ВСР и адаптационного потенциала, характеризующие функциональное состояние и уровень здоровья. Выводы. Показано, что для 82 % обследуемых с I типом, 53 % со II типом, 94 % c III типом и 95 % с IV типом регуляции характерно состояние удовлетворительной адаптации, физиологические процессы сохраняются на оптимальном уровне. В группе студентов I типа у 18 % студентов адаптивные возможности организма снижены, выявлено состояние умеренного напряжения. У 47 % обследуемых II типа также зафиксировано состояние резко выраженного напряжения, индикатором которого является чрезмерно высокое значение SI, низкие величины SDNN и ТP, повышенное значение индекса функциональных изменений. В группе студентов с IV типом у 5 % учащихсяв регуляции ритма сердца выявлены дисфункциональные признаки, характерные для патологии. Ключевые слова: иностранные студенты, вариабельность сердечного ритма, типы вегетативной регуляции, адаптационный потенциал, функциональное состояние.

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