scholarly journals Echocardiographic Assessment of Ventricular Function in Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-22
Author(s):  
C. O. Duru ◽  
J. M. Chinawa ◽  
B. F. Chukwu
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Ventricular Hypertrophy ◽  
Left Ventricular Mass Index ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hiv Negative

Background: Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection could present with varying degrees of cardiac abnormalities, however the effect of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has not been extensively studied in them. Objectives: To compare the ventricular functions of HIV positive children on HAART with that of HIV negative children using echocardiography.  Methods: This was a comparative cross sectional descriptive study involving 54 HIV positive children on HAART and 50 HIV negative controls. Using transthoracic echocardiography, trans annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), Left ventricular fractionating shortening (LVFS), Left ventricular (LV) mitral inflow velocities, left ventricular mass index (LVMI) and Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) were used to assess right ventricular (RV) and left ventricular (LV) function. Results: The mean TAPSE for subjects and controls were 26.78±5.92mm and 25.82±3.59mm respectively (t = 1.0, p = 0.32). The prevalence of right ventricular systolic dysfunction using TAPSE was significantly higher among the subjects; 29.63% compared with 8.0% in controls (χ2 = 7.82, p=0.005). There was no significant correlation between TAPSE and CD4 counts (Spearman’s correlation coefficient = 0.15, p = 0.31). The mean left ventricular mass index (LVMI) in subjects was 141.6±45.5g/M2. Forty-one (75.9%) of the subjects had left ventricular hypertrophy (LVMI > 103G/M2) compared with 26.0% (13/50) of the controls and the difference in proportion was significant (Chi-square = 30.49, p<0.001). Left ventricular systolic function was similar in subjects and controls. The prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction was significantly higher in subjects (15.5%) than in controls (4.0%); {χ2 = 37.89, p<00.1) Conclusion: This study shows that children with HIV on HAART regimen have a very high prevalence of ventricular dysfunction compared with normal controls.

scholarly journals Cervical and oral human papillomavirus infection in women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and matched HIV-negative controls in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamy Taianne Suehiro ◽  
Gabrielle Marconi Zago Ferreira Damke ◽  
Edilson Damke ◽  
Paloma Luana Rodrigues de Azevedo Ramos ◽  
Marcela de Andrade Pereira Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Oral Hpv ◽  
Hiv Women ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Background: Despite the demonstrated role of human Papillomavirus (HPV) in the etiology of cervical cancer and the strong evidence suggesting the importance of HPV in the development of oropharyngeal cancer, several aspects of the interrelationship between HPV infection in both body sites remain unknown, specifically in female human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive (HIV+) patients. We aimed to assess the prevalence, distribution, and concordance of cervical and oral HPV in HIV+ women and matched HIV-negative (HIV-) controls in Brazil.Material and methods: Cervical and endocervical samples for cytological screening and HPV detection and oral samples were collected from 115 HIV+ women using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and 139 HIV-matched controls (HIV-) in Maringá City, Brazil. Risk factors were assessed using a standardized questionnaire, and the data regarding HIV infection were obtained from the patients’ medical records. HPV detection and typing were performed using the Kit Multiplex XGEN Multi HPV Chip HS12.Results: HIV infection was well controlled in this cohort, but women who exhibited detectable HIV loads were significantly associated with HPV-positive status overall (P = 0.03) and in cervical mucosa (P = 0.01). HIV+ women had significantly more abnormal cytological findings (P = 0.04) than HIV- women. Of the 115 HIV+ women, 48.7% were positive for cervical and/or oral HPV DNA; of the 139 HIV- women, 41% were positive for cervical and/or oral HPV (P = 0.25). Both HIV+ and HIV- women had a statistically higher prevalence of cervical HPV infection than oral infection. The concurrent HPV infection in two anatomical sites was similar in HIV+ and HIV- women; however, HPV type concordance was not observed. HPV type distribution was different between the anatomical sites in both groups, and HIV+ women presented less common types, mainly in oral mucosa.Conclusion: Our data support the importance of testing HPV infection in HIV+ women, even when the HIV infection is well controlled. Prospective studies are required to better understand the natural history of HPV infection in both anatomical sites, specifically in HIV+ women.

scholarly journals Cervical and oral human papillomavirus infection in women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and matched HIV-negative controls in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamy Taianne Suehiro ◽  
Gabrielle Marconi Zago Ferreira Damke ◽  
Edilson Damke ◽  
Paloma Luana Rodrigues de Azevedo Ramos ◽  
Marcela de Andrade Pereira Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Oral Hpv ◽  
Hiv Women ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Background: Despite the demonstrated role of human Papillomavirus (HPV) in the etiology of cervical cancer and the strong evidence suggesting the importance of HPV in the development of oropharyngeal cancer, several aspects of the interrelationship between HPV infection in both body sites remain unknown, specifically in female human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive (HIV+) patients. We aimed to assess the prevalence, distribution, and concordance of cervical and oral HPV in HIV+ women and matched HIV-negative (HIV-) controls in Brazil.Material and methods: Cervical and endocervical samples for cytological screening and HPV detection and oral samples were collected from 115 HIV+ women using highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and 139 HIV-matched controls (HIV-) in Maringá City, Brazil. Risk factors were assessed using a standardized questionnaire, and the data regarding HIV infection were obtained from the patients’ medical records. HPV detection and typing were performed using the Kit Multiplex XGEN Multi HPV Chip HS12.Results: HIV infection was well controlled in this cohort, but women who exhibited detectable HIV loads were significantly associated with HPV-positive status overall (P = 0.03) and in cervical mucosa (P = 0.01). HIV+ women had significantly more abnormal cytological findings (P = 0.04) than HIV- women. Of the 115 HIV+ women, 48.7% were positive for cervical and/or oral HPV DNA; of the 139 HIV- women, 41% were positive for cervical and/or oral HPV (P = 0.25). Both HIV+ and HIV- women had a statistically higher prevalence of cervical HPV infection than oral infection. The concurrent HPV infection in two anatomical sites was similar in HIV+ and HIV- women; however, HPV type concordance was not observed. HPV type distribution was different between the anatomical sites in both groups, and HIV+ women presented less common types, mainly in oral mucosa.Conclusion: Our data support the importance of testing HPV infection in HIV+ women, even when the HIV infection is well controlled. Prospective studies are required to better understand the natural history of HPV infection in both anatomical sites, specifically in HIV+ women.

scholarly journals Breast cancer, human immunodeficiency virus and highly active antiretroviral treatment; implications for a high-rate seropositive region

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Subash Chirkut
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Sub-Saharan Africa is the region in the world with the most people infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The incidence of breast cancer is also rising in the region. This transcript focusses on the burden of these two diseases when they converge in the same populace. This comprehensive literature review of the topic suggests a trend towards an increasing incidence of breast cancer in the HIV-infected population, and the rationale for such a tendency is hypothesized, especially in the context of the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Besides the age at diagnosis, all other clinical characteristics appear to be similar in HIV-positive and HIV-negative breast cancer populations. Outcomes of the different treatment modalities for breast cancer in HIV-positive patients are also appraised and finally innovative areas of future research are suggested along with plausible recommendations.

Reduction in Size and Number of Plantar Verrucae in Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Individuals After the Implementation of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 401-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
Endri Afesllari ◽  
Timothy J. Miller ◽  
Michael J. Huchital ◽  
Christy M. King ◽  
James S. Johnston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Clinical Type ◽  
Size Number ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Background Implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) significantly increased the life expectancy of those living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Except for prevalence, scientific reports regarding clinical manifestations of plantar verrucae in the post-HAART era are lacking. The objective of this study was to compare clinical manifestations of plantar verrucae between HIV-infected and noninfected individuals and then to compare these findings with those observed before the implementation of HAART. Methods Nineteen patients with plantar verrucae (ten with HIV and nine without HIV) were examined to determine the size, number, and clinical type of verrucae present. The two groups were first compared with each other and then with previously collected data from a similar analysis conducted in 1995, before the implementation of HAART. Statistical significance was determined using the Fisher exact test or the Wilcoxon rank sum test. Results No significant differences were observed in the size, number, or clinical type of verrucae between HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients. Compared with the 1995 data, there was a significant decrease in the number of verrucae lesions per individual and a nonsignificant decrease in the average size of verrucae in HIV-positive patients. Conclusions Study results indicate that the implementation of HAART has impacted the clinical manifestations of plantar verrucae in HIV-positive individuals. Further analyses with a larger number of patients are required to confirm and substantiate these findings.

Prevalence of Plantar Verrucae in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection During the Post–Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy Era

2011 ◽  
Vol 101 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Johnston ◽  
Christy M. King ◽  
Sky Shanks ◽  
Saieh Khademi ◽  
Joseph Nelson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Background: Since the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the life expectancy of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has significantly increased. This is likely to cause changes in podiatric medical manifestations, such as plantar verrucae, in this population. Methods: Attendees at a San Francisco street fair in 2008 provided information about HIV status and the presence of verrucae via a survey. A total of 504 surveys were analyzed and compared with 1995 data, before HAART implementation. We examined if there was a statistically significant change in the increased likelihood of plantar verrucae in HIV-positive patients from 1995 to 2008. Then we examined the likelihood of HIV-positive patients (compared to HIV-negative patients) presenting with plantar verrucae in 2008, by using logistic regression, and controlling for age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Results: Patients with HIV infection were 5.2 times more likely to present with plantar verrucae compared to patients without HIV infection in 2008 (95% confidence interval, 2.5–11.0, P &lt; .0001) and 10.0 times more likely in 1995 (95% confidence interval, 3.4–29.0, P &lt; .0001). This decrease in likelihood over time was not statistically significantly different (P = .33). Logistic regression analysis controlling for the covariates of age, race, and sex showed that patients with HIV in 2008 were 4.5 times more likely to present with verrucae compared to patients without HIV (95% confidence interval, 2.1–9.9, P = .0002). Conclusions: Patients with HIV infection in 2008 are still significantly more likely to present with plantar verrucae after controlling for age, race, and sex. This increased likelihood has not changed significantly across time. Because HAART has increased the life expectancy of patients with HIV, this group of patients with plantar verrucae will continue to represent a significant population in the practice of podiatric medicine. (J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 101(1): 35–40, 2011)

Impact of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy on paediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus-associated left ventricular dysfunction within the Johannesburg teaching hospital complex

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 564-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lungile Pepeta ◽  
Antoinette M. Cilliers
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Left Ventricular Dysfunction ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Ventricular Dysfunction ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Cd4 Percentage ◽  
Fractional Shortening

AbstractObjectiveTo analyse the outcome of children with left ventricular dysfunction placed on Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy.MethodThis study is a retrospective review of records of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive children with left ventricular dysfunction. Demographic data were collected. Left ventricular fractional shortening, CD4 percentage, viral load, and nutritional status were compared before and during antiretroviral therapy.ResultsWe reviewed the records of 34 Human Immunodeficiency Virus-positive children with left ventricular dysfunction. In all, 18 patients received antiretroviral therapy (group one) and 16 were antiretroviral therapy naive (group two). The median age of group one at initial visit was 94 months, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1. Of those, 17 children showed improved left ventricular function on treatment, with an increase in fractional shortening (median: 17–33.5%; p less than 0.0001). There was no significant statistical difference between the groups regarding initial fractional shortening. In group one, the CD4 percentage improved (median: 12% to 30.5%; p less than 0.0001), with viral load suppression (median: 24,900 copies per millilitre to less than 25 copies per millilitre; p less than 0.0001). There was weight gain in group one (median z-score: −1.70 to −1.32; p equal to 0.0083). Proper statistical analysis in group two was not possible because of poor follow-up of patients.ConclusionThe findings are in keeping with other reports that have shown improvement in left ventricular function in patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus-associated cardiomyopathy treated with Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Recovery of myocardial function is associated with improvement in immunological and nutritional statuses.

scholarly journals Ko-infeksi Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) dengan Mycobacterium leprae

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yuni Eka Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Case Control Studies ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Leprosy Patients ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Hiv Negative

Human immunodefficiency virus (HIV) epidemic covers several countries with endemic leprosy without any significantincrease in the number of patients co-infected with HIV and leprosy, so it can be concluded that HIV-positive does notincrease the risk of developing leprosy. Clinicopathological spectrum of leprosy patients who are co-infected withHIV is not changed. Leprosy may be attributed to the presence of immune recovery syndrome after the administrationof highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Long-term incubation period and the low incidence of leprosy inpatients with HIV make prospective cohort or case-control studies on the prevalence of leprosy among a group of HIVpositive and HIV negative hardly possible to be performed. The benefit of this circumstance is the HIV pandemicdoes not become a nuisance of the effort to control leprosy. Further studies on the molecular pathogenesis of M.leprae and other mycobacterial can provide an understanding of the differences of the pathogenesis in patients withHIV infection.

scholarly journals HAART: a risk factor for development of porphyria cutanea tarda?

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 764-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fred Bernardes Filho ◽  
Maria Victória Pinto Quaresma Santos ◽  
Felipe Nazareth de Matos Pinto de Carvalho ◽  
Carlos Gustavo Carneiro de Castro ◽  
Elisabete Dobao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Porphyria Cutanea Tarda ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Partial Deficiency ◽  
Alcohol Hepatitis

Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is caused by inherited or acquired partial deficiency of the uroporphyrinogen-decarboxylase (Uro-D) enzyme activity. It is the most common form of porphyria. The main triggering factors to the development of porphyria cutanea tarda are alcohol, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. There are several reports of PCT associated with drugs, among them, antiretroviral therapy. We describe three HIV-positive patients, which showed photosensitivity as well as the emergence of tense blisters on sun-exposed areas during the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and discuss the possibility of PCT after the use of these drugs by those patients.

scholarly journals Malignancies, Particularly B-Cell Lymphomas, Are a Frequent Cause of Mortality in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Patients Despite Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel O. Griffin ◽  
Michael Metzger ◽  
Kaitlin Poeth ◽  
Kathy Deng ◽  
Arif Dharsee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
B Cell Lymphomas ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected individuals are affected by diseases at rates above those of their HIV-negative peers despite the increased life expectancy of the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. We followed a cohort of approximately 2000 HIV-1-infected patients for 5 years. The most frequent cause of death in this HIV-1-infected cohort was malignancy, with 39% of all classified deaths due to cancer. Among the cancer deaths, B-cell lymphomas were the most commonly seen malignancy, representing 34% of all cancer deaths. These lymphomas were very aggressive with a median survival of &lt;2 months from time of diagnosis.

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