scholarly journals Diagnosis of Dysglycemia in Diabetic Patients in Primary Health Care

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
Mohammed Ibrahim Habadi ◽  
Muslima Muaidh Alrashidi ◽  
Ibrahiem Fahad Mutaki ◽  
Khaznah Awad Alshammari ◽  
Jawaher Hussain Alothayqi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Glucose Challenge

An early diagnosis of diabetes is a cornerstone for achieving the best prognostic outcomes. The potential complications take time to develop. For this reason, diabetic patients, especially type 2 are usually diagnosed with the disease after complications have been arisen. Dysglycemia is a term that has been used to describe the fluctuations in the plasma glucose levels, including the high (hyperglycemia) and low (hypoglycemia) levels, and can also refer to impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG). Many modalities have been developed to assess plasma glucose levels. Studies have shown that advantages and disadvantages are reported for each modality when assessing dysglycemia and screening for diabetes. The aim of this review is to discuss the previously reported diagnostic approaches of dysglycemia among diabetic patients according to the existing published studies in the literature. The study is related to the following: the 50-g oral glucose challenge test, HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, random blood sugar, and oral glucose tolerance tests in the assessment of the blood glucose fluctuating levels. Based on the findings, it is recommended that HbA1c levels assessment should be simultaneously conducted with the random and fasting blood glucose tests to decide which patients are required to perform an OGTT. Moreover, HbA1c tests might not be affordable in some healthcare settings although they are important indicators of long-term glycemic control.

Glucose tolerance in singleton, twin and triplet pregnancies

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Weissman ◽  
Arie Drugan
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Glucose Challenge Test ◽  
Glucose Challenge ◽  
Mean Glucose ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

AbstractBackground:Data regarding the effects of multifetal pregnancy on the incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are inconsistent and even conflicting. Twin pregnancies have been associated with no increase, a marginal increase or a higher incidence of gestational diabetes. In triplet pregnancies, these effects have not been investigated yet.Objectives:To analyze the results of the glucose challenge and tolerance tests in singleton, twin and triplet pregnancies.Study design:A retrospective database analysis of pregnant women with singletons, twins or triplets who had complete results of the 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT) and the 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The cohort included 12,382 singletons, 515 twins and 39 triplets.Results:There were significantly higher rates of abnormal GCTs in twins and triplets compared to singletons (45.4% and 33.3%, respectively vs. 13.7%, P<0.001 and P<0.05). Significantly higher rates of gestational diabetes in twins (10.1% vs. 2.9 %, P<0.001) and triplets (12.8% vs. 2.9%, P<0.05) compared to singletons were observed. Mean glucose levels after the GCT were higher in twins compared to singletons, and even more in triplets (108 mg/dL in singletons vs. 120 mg/dL in twins vs. 129 mg/dL in triplets, P<0.001).Conclusions:Glucose intolerance is aggravated in multifetal pregnancies. The likelihood of an abnormal GCT and gestational diabetes is higher in twins and triplets compared to singletons.

scholarly journals Glycemic Status During Acute Coronary Syndrome of Non-Diabetic Patients

KYAMC Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 697-699
Author(s):  
Md Zillur Rahman ◽  
Nazmun Nahar ◽  
Md Azizul Hoque ◽  
Md Moksedur Rahman ◽  
Md Daharul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Acute Hyperglycemia ◽  
Coronary Syndrome ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Glucose Abnormalities

The risk of diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease is high among South-Asian population. In this study, our objective was to measure blood glucose level during acute coronary syndrome of previously known nondiabetic patients that will give the information about the frequency of acute hyperglycemia in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among Bangladeshi population. It is an observational cross sectional study performed in Rajshahi Medical College Hospital (RMCH). A total of 248 non-diabetic subjects with ACS got admitted into hospital. Fasting blood glucose (FBS) and standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT ) within 3 days of ACS were done. This study was done to find out glucose abnormalities among ACS patients. Out of 248 study population, 135 (54.44%) had glucose abnormalities. Male was 87.10% (216). Among male, IGT (prediabetic) was 31.94% (69) and diabetic 24.54% (53). Mean age (±SD) of our study population was 51.71±11.84 years. Normal glucose tolerance (NGT) was found in 45.6% (113) cases, IGT (prediabetic) and diabetic were detected among 30.6% (76) and 23.8% (59) cases respectively. Non-diabetic Bangladeshi patients showed a high prevalence of hyperglycemia in acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We should create awareness about a new risk factor- acute hyperglycemia during acute coronary syndrome and take appropriate and effective measures to reduce morbidity as well as mortality as a consequence of acute hyperglycemia during ACS with or without diabetes.KYAMC Journal Vol. 7, No.-1, Jul 2016, Page 697-699

The diagnosis of diabetes mellitus

1983 ◽  
Vol 104 (4_Suppl) ◽  
pp. S11-S17
Author(s):  
Bengt Scherstén ◽  
Per-Olof Bitzén
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Glucose Tolerance Test ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Asymptomatic Subject ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

ABSTRACT. The procedure for diagnosing diabetes mellitus when accompanied by classical symptoms is based on random blood glucose levels of 7 mmol/l or more. Problem of diagnosing diabetes in the asymptomatic subject remains difficult. A procedure based on fasting blood glucose levels below 5.5 mmol/l in normals and reproducible values at or above 7 mmol/l in diabetics is proposed. In cases with fasting blood glucose values between 5.5 and 7 mmol/l standardized oral glucose tolerance test is recommended. The diagnostic criteria for normality, impaired glucose tolerance and for diabetes are evaluated against the results of a 10–14 years prospective study.

scholarly journals Prevalenceof gestational diabetes and pregnancy outcome in Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 268-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Jawad ◽  
P Irshad uddin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Pregnancy Outcome ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Diet Therapy ◽  
Tolerance Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Challenge ◽  
Mean Blood Glucose

Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and the pregnancy outcome of women registered at the Aga Khan Maternity Home, Karachi was studied. Initial screening was by a glucose challenge test with 50 g glucose. If the 1-hour blood glucose level exceeded 130 mg%, then a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test with 100 g glucose was performed. Diagnosis was based on O’Sullivan’s criteria. Insulin was prescribed if the fasting blood glucose was more than 95 mg%, and the 2-hour post-prandial over 125 mg%, after a week of diet therapy. The prevalence of gestational diabetes was 3.45% with an aggregate birth weight of 3.24 kg, and perinatal loss of 2.08%. The mean blood glucose values were 93.46 mg% fasting and 117.03 mg%, 2 hours post-prandial

scholarly journals Prevention of Postprandial Hyperglycemia by Ophthalmic Nanoparticles Based on Protamine Zinc Insulin in the Rabbit

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 375
Author(s):  
Saori Deguchi ◽  
Fumihiko Ogata ◽  
Takumi Isaka ◽  
Hiroko Otake ◽  
Yosuke Nakazawa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Polyacrylic Acid ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Postprandial Hyperglycemia ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Protamine Zinc Insulin ◽  
Bead Mill

Postprandial hyperglycemia, a so-called blood glucose spike, is associated with enhanced risks of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. In this study, we attempted to design nanoparticles (NPs) of protamine zinc insulin (PZI) by the bead mill method, and prepare ophthalmic formulations based on the PZI-NPs with (nPZI/P) or without polyacrylic acid (nPZI). In addition, we investigated whether the instillation of the newly developed nPZI and nPZI/P can prevent postprandial hyperglycemia in a rabbit model involving the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The particle size of PZI was decreased by the bead mill to a range for both nPZI and nPZI/P of 80–550 nm with no observable aggregation for 6 d. Neither nPZI nor nPZI/P caused any noticeable corneal toxicity. The plasma INS levels in rabbits instilled with nPZI were significantly higher than in rabbits instilled with INS suspensions (commercially available formulations, CA-INS), and the plasma INS levels were further enhanced with the amount of polyacrylic acid in the nPZI/P. In addition, the rapid rise in plasma glucose levels in OGTT-treated rabbits was prevented by a single instillation of nPZI/P, which was significantly more effective at attenuating postprandial hyperglycemia (blood glucose spike) in comparison with nPZI. In conclusion, we designed nPZI/P, and show that a single instillation before OGTT attenuates the rapid enhancement of plasma glucose levels. These findings suggest a better management strategy for the postprandial blood glucose spike, which is an important target of DM therapy.

scholarly journals The application of 50g oral glucose challenge test in screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in patients attending antenatal care OPD

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 1952
Author(s):  
Disha Andhiwal Rajput ◽  
Jaya Kundan Gedam
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Gestational Hypertension ◽  
Challenge Test ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Average Risk ◽  
Glucose Challenge Test ◽  
Glucose Challenge

Background: To screen patients at average risk for Gestational Diabetes using 50g Glucose Challenge test, to ascertain the prevalence of Gestational diabetes through further diagnostic testing and to prevent and manage complications. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Women with GDM are at risk for maternal and foetal complications, so it is important to screen all the pregnant woman.Methods: This study was conducted in 198 patients between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation, attending the Antenatal clinic. 50g oral glucose is administered irrespective of time of the last meal and plasma glucose is measured one hour later. Patients with plasma glucose levels more than 140 mg/dl were subjected to a 100g oral glucose tolerance test, patients with two or more abnormal reading were labelled as GDM and managed accordingly.Results: Prevalence of GDM in our study was 9.59%. Maternal complications like gestational hypertension, vaginal infections and foetal complications were much higher in GDM patients as compare to non GDM group.Conclusions: GDM is a disease which adversely affects both mother as well as foetus. It is concluded that 50 gm glucose challenge test at 24-28 weeks of gestation with a cut-off value of 140 mg/dl is a reliable screening test for GDM. This test offers the best combination of ease and economy of use and reproducibility in screening for gestational diabetes mellitus in average risk patients.

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