scholarly journals Hebridean Gaels and the sea in the early 19th century

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 261-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin James Grant
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Cultural Landscape ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The People ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century

The people of the Hebrides have long been associated with a heroic tradition of seafaring – the image of the medieval birlinn or galley has become emblematic of Norse and Gaelic power. Coastal communities in the 19th century would have been familiar with this tradition as it was a common theme of the song and story which was a ubiquitous part of their lives. However, the waters around the Hebrides in the years around 1800 were largely the preserve of merchantmen or warships of friendly and enemy navies.Gaels who farmed the coasts of the Hebrides could have little influence over this largely Englishspeaking maritime world of international trade and global conflict in the surrounding seas, although it had profound and wide-ranging impacts on their daily lives. By drawing on a case study from Loch Aoineart, South Uist, this paper seeks to consider some aspects of how Gaelic-speaking coastal communities interacted with the sea. Whilst this article will serve as an introduction to some common archaeological features relating to post-medieval coastal life, it is intended to encourage archaeologists to consider the sea as part of a wider Gaelic cultural landscape. It will also argue that critical use of evidence for the Gaelic oral tradition is vital to an understanding of life in the period. This study draws on the rich and varied evidence available for the early 19th century, but it is hoped that its conclusions may be of interest to those studying coastal communities in earlier periods where the archaeological record provides little evidence.

Oran an Fheamnaidh – song of the seaweed gatherer: an archaeology of early 19th-century kelping

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-85
Author(s):  
Kevin Grant
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Landscape Archaeology ◽  
Coastal Communities ◽  
The West ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The People ◽  
Industrial Resource

At the very end of the 18th century, economic circumstance and the capricious consequences of warfare on the continent turned seaweed on the West Coast and Isles of Scotland into an important industrial resource. This resource was kelp: a glassy substance used in various industrial processes, particularly in the glass and soap industries. Chiefs and landowners in the west of Scotland were quick to take advantage of the economic opportunity it presented. The industry would have profound effects on the people who lived and worked in coastal communities. This paper seeks to outline a landscape archaeology of kelping as it was lived and experienced. It will draw on archaeological, documentary, and historical evidence, and will also consider Gaelic culture and oral tradition. Using a case study from Loch Aoineart, South Uist, the kelp industry will be considered in the context of an early 19th century Hebridean community.

scholarly journals The role of Jazzar Pasha in the destruction of the sacral monuments on Kosovo: An example of tradition entering historiography

2018 ◽  
pp. 849-872
Author(s):  
Uros Sesum
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Oral Tradition ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Inaccurate Information ◽  
Historical Fact ◽  
The 19Th Century

lore from Kosovo, regarding systematic destruction of Serbian medieval churches and monasteries, committed by the local and semi-independent Jashar pasha in the early 19th century, was introduced in Serbian historiography by way of Serbian travelogue literature during the second half of 19th and early 20th century. According to lore, Pasha destroyed monasteries Vojsilovica and Burinci, Samodreza church and several other village churches for the purpose of using building materials for his water mills. Allegedly, construction materials of destroyed church in Lipljan and several surrounding village churches were used for construction of the bridge on river Sitnica, while, also allegedly, he took the floor from Gracanica monastery for his hamam. Lead from the monastery roof was used to cover the mosque in Pristina. After a critical analysis of such lore, it can be stated that Pasha did not demolish a singe church or monastery, but in fact, for his projects, he used materials from the already destroyed temples. These writings of lore, combined with the local population?s perception of him as a cruel master, left a historic view of him as being the main destroyer of Serbian medieval churches and monasteries. Release of lore version of Serbian history, made by folklore writers, contributed to the rapid dissemination of inaccurate information. This had an encouraging affect which, as time went on, associated Pasha?s name with the large number of destroyed churches. In Serbian historiography such usage of travelogue literature from the 19th century and further developed oral tradition recorded by ethnologists as relevant historical sources, have led to the adoption of unverified data as historical fact.

scholarly journals Em Torno da Não-Recepção de John Keats no Portugal de Oitocentos

2017 ◽  
pp. 61-75
Author(s):  
Miguel Dias
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Percy Bysshe Shelley ◽  
John Keats ◽  
Lord Byron ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Romantic Literature ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

John Keats (1795-1821) is widely regarded as a main figure in the scope of English Romantic Literature. Although the poet lived a short life, the quality of his work has earned him a place in the literary cannon, alongside Lord Byron (1788-1824) and Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822), within the second generation of English romantic poets. The reception of Keats in Portugal, however, took place long after the poet achieved literary recognition in England. There were virtually no references to the poet, either in published volumes or in the Portuguese press of the 19th century, and the first translation of one of his poems was only published in 1915. The poet’s famous odes, generally considered his most influential works, were only translated in 1960. This was followed by an increase in the number of published translations, as well as essays on Keats and his work. The reception of John Keats in Portugal was evidently dissimilar to the ones of Lord Byron and Walter Scott (1771-1832), two Anglo-Saxon romantics tremendously appreciated in the country since the early 19th century. The aim of this case study is, to the extent that is possible, to point out and to clarify the reasons that led to the late reception of this English romantic in Portugal. It is therefore important to draw a comparison between the receptions of Keats, Byron and Scott in the country, as well as to discuss the importance of the French cultural system in the mediation of English authors and works to Portugal during that period.

Alexander Solzhenitsyn on the Indissoluble Connection of Russian Patriotism and Anti-Sovetism. The Main Ideas of «The Gulag Archipelago»

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 ◽  
pp. 221-244
Author(s):  
Alexander S. Tsipko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Philosophy ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
The People ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Gulag Archipelago

In the article the author analyzes the main notional lines in the work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn through the prism of Russian philosophy legacy. According to the author the analysis of the nature, motives and lie in the works of the writer are related to the respective works of F.M. Dostoevsky, K.N. Leontiev and other Russian thinkers. «All Communist content is turned into nonsense by the Russian life», and «all its nonsense is severe due to the intolerable truth of the suffering…», – this statement of F.A. Stepun is well pertinent to the creative work of A.I. Solzhenitsyn that shows vivid examples of barbaric cruelty of the authorities towards the people. Still, according to the author of the article, the reasons for such cruelty were reflected even earlier, in the works of Russian philosophers of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Variations in American marketing practices of early 19th-century ceramic importers and dealers, reflecting culture and identity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-375
Author(s):  
Neil Ewins
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Marketing Research ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Advertising Strategy ◽  
Political Views ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose This paper explores the advertising strategy of crockery importers and dealers in relationship to their origins and backgrounds. This is a departure from earlier ceramic-history literature which tended to focus on the Staffordshire producers, with limited awareness on how the identity of importers and dealers influenced what products were sold, and their individual approaches to marketing. Design/methodology/approach Within a context of historical marketing research, this paper analyses newspaper advertising and commentary. It combines an examination of marketing practices with a wider consideration of the cultural identities of ceramic importers and dealers. The digitalization of historical records, combined with sophisticated search engines, makes it more feasible to examine a broader range of sources. Thus, modern research methods can enhance our understanding of production and demand and reveal how marketing strategy was diverse. Findings Awareness on how advertising was influenced by the backgrounds and socio-political views of importers and dealers demonstrates ways in which Anglo-American ceramic trade could be far more market-led. More significantly, marketing approaches were not necessarily responding to American demand, but rather that importers could engage in commissioning goods which reflected their own views on politics, religion or slavery. Originality/value Examining the advertising of importers demonstrates the complex relationship between production and ceramic demand. This paper opens up debates as to how far the advertising of other merchandise in the USA shows evidence of taking a more individual approach by the 19th century.

Scholars discover local history: the case of northeast Lapland in the 18th century

Polar Record ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Lähteenmäki
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic Efficiency ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Local Information ◽  
Local History ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
The People ◽  
New Form ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Distant Region

ABSTRACTThe academic study of local and regional history in Sweden took on a quite new form and significance in the 18th century. Humiliating defeats in wars had brought the kingdom's period of greatness to an end and forced the crown to re-evaluate the country's position and image and reconsider the internal questions of economic efficiency and settlement. One aspect in this was more effective economic and political control over the peripheral parts of the realm, which meant that also the distant region of Kemi Lapland, bordering on Russia, became an object of systematic government interest. The practical local documentation of this area took the form of dissertations prepared by students native to the area under the supervision of well known professors, reports sent back by local ministers and newspaper articles. The people responsible for communicating this information may be said to have functioned as ‘mimic men’ in the terminology of H.K. Bhabha. This supervised gathering and publication of local information created the foundation for the nationalist ideology and interest in ordinary people and local cultures that emerged at the end of the century and flourished during the 19th century.

Brazilian Colonial Art and the Decolonization of Art History

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Berbara
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Art History ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
Colonial Art ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

There are at least two ways to think about the term “Brazilian colonial art.” It can refer, in general, to the art produced in the region presently known as Brazil between 1500, when navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral claimed the coastal territory for the Lusitanian crown, and the country’s independence in the early 19th century. It can also refer, more specifically, to the artistic manifestations produced in certain Brazilian regions—most notably Bahia, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro—over the 18th century and first decades of the 19th century. In other words, while denotatively it corresponds to the art produced in the period during which Brazil was a colony, it can also work as a metonym valid to indicate particular temporal and geographical arcs within this period. The reasons for its widespread metonymical use are related, on the one hand, to the survival of a relatively large number of art objects and buildings produced in these arcs, but also to a judicative value: at least since the 1920s, artists, historians, and cultivated Brazilians have tended to regard Brazilian colonial art—in its more specific meaning—as the greatest cultural product of those centuries. In this sense, Brazilian colonial art is often identified with the Baroque—to the extent that the terms “Brazilian Baroque,” “Brazilian colonial art,” and even “barroco mineiro” (i.e., Baroque produced in the province of Minas Gerais) may be used interchangeably by some scholars and, even more so, the general public. The study of Brazilian colonial art is currently intermingled with the question of what should be understood as Brazil in the early modern period. Just like some 20th- and 21st-century scholars have been questioning, for example, the term “Italian Renaissance”—given the fact that Italy, as a political entity, did not exist until the 19th century—so have researchers problematized the concept of a unified term to designate the whole artistic production of the territory that would later become the Federative Republic of Brazil between the 16th and 19th centuries. This territory, moreover, encompassed a myriad of very different societies and languages originating from at least three different continents. Should the production, for example, of Tupi or Yoruba artworks be considered colonial? Or should they, instead, be understood as belonging to a distinctive path and independent art historical process? Is it viable to propose a transcultural academic approach without, at the same time, flattening the specificities and richness of the various societies that inhabited the territory? Recent scholarly work has been bringing together traditional historiographical references in Brazilian colonial art and perspectives from so-called “global art history.” These efforts have not only internationalized the field, but also made it multidisciplinary by combining researches in anthropology, ethnography, archaeology, history, and art history.

Retro-Digitization of Croatian Pre-Standard Grammars

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-310
Author(s):  
Marijana Horvat ◽  
Martina Kramarić
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Web Portal ◽  
Printed Media ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Linguistics ◽  
Language Text

In this article, we will present the rich linguistic heritage of the Croatian language and our attempts to ensure its preservation and presentation to the general public by means of the "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism ‒ RETROGRAM" project. There is a long tradition of grammatical description in the history of the Croatian language. The first grammar book of the Croatian language was written at the beginning of the 17th century and the first grammar book written in Croatian was compiled in the middle of the 17th century. In later years, when literary and linguistic activity were transferred from the Dalmatian area to the northern and eastern part of Croatia, the Latin model for the description of the Croatian language was still present, even though German was also used. There were a large number of grammars written up to the second half of the 19th century, which are considered pre-standard Croatian grammars. They are the subject of research within the project "Pre-standard Croatian Grammars" at the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics. This research proposal "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism" aims to create a model for the retro-digitization of the chosen eight Pre-standard Croatian Grammars (written from the 17th until the 19th century). The retro-digitization of Croatian grammar books implies the transfer of printed media to computer-readable and searchable text. It also includes a multilevel mark-up of transcribed or translated grammar text. The next step of the project is the creation of a Web Portal of Pre-standard Croatian Grammars, on which both the facsimiles and the digitized text of the grammars will be presented. Our aim is to present to the wider and international public the attainments of the Croatian language and linguistics as an important part of Croatian culture in general. Keywords: pre-standard Croatian grammars, history of the Croatian language, retro-digitization, Extensible mark-up language, Text encoding initiative, web portal of pre-standard Croatian grammars

scholarly journals PEMIKIRAN JAMALUDDIN AL-AFGHANI (JAMAL AD-DIN AL-AFGHANI) (1838 – 1897 M)

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Akmal Hawi
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The West ◽  
Unique Position ◽  
Islamic Reform ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
The One ◽  
The 19Th Century

The 19th century to the 20th century is a moment in which Muslims enter a new gate, the gate of renewal. This phase is often referred to as the century of modernism, a century where people are confronted with the fact that the West is far ahead of them. This situation made various responses emerging, various Islamic groups responded in different ways based on their Islamic nature. Some respond with accommodative stance and recognize that the people are indeed doomed and must follow the West in order to rise from the downturn. Others respond by rejecting anything coming from the West because they think it is outside of Islam. These circles believe Islam is the best and the people must return to the foundations of revelation, this circle is often called the revivalists. One of the figures who is an important figure in Islamic reform, Jamaluddin Al-Afghani, a reformer who has its own uniqueness, uniqueness, and mystery. Departing from the division of Islamic features above, Afghani occupies a unique position in responding to Western domination of Islam. On the one hand, Afghani is very moderate by accommodating ideas coming from the West, this is done to improve the decline of the ummah. On the other hand, however, Afghani appeared so loudly when it came to the question of nationality or on matters relating to Islam. As a result, Afghani traces his legs on two different sides, he is a modernist but also a fundamentalist. 

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