UV photoelectrocatalytic degradation of m- cresol pollutant using TiO2 dip -coated stainless steel electrode system

In the present study, the removal of m- cresol in an aqueous medium was studied by the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation by the TiO2 suspension on dip-coated stainless steel electrode under UV lamp of the wavelength of 352nm. The performance of the PEC method on the degradation of m- cresol was studied by made the comparison with the photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) method in terms of COD removal and kinetic study. In the PEC study on the degradation of m- cresol pollutant was studied by the various parameters such as initial concentration, pH, and the bias potential. The result found that the optimum degradation efficiency of m- cresol in the PEC and PCO methods were 79.6% and 39.8% at pH 5.0. The result showed that the kinetic constants (k) in the PEC and PCO methods were -0.0116 and -0.0058 under optimum conditions. The result found that the PEC method using TiO2 coated on stainless steel electrode is two times higher than the PCO method on the degradation of m- cresol.

STRUCTURAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CHEMICALLY DEPOSITED COPPER DOPED NICKEL HYDROXIDE

Present work reported, copper doped Ni(OH) deposited successfully by chemical bath deposition method on 2 economical stainless steel electrode. The XRD analysis represent hexagonal crystal structure and presence of Ni and Cu confirm by FT-IR study. The surface morphology studied by SEM indicates nanopetals linked marigold like microflowers. -1 -1 The 0.2% Cu doped Ni(OH)2 shows specific capacitance 715 Fg at scan rate 10 mV s . EIS study interprets that electrode N-0.2% have least charge transfer resistance which improve value of specific capacitance. All results revels cupper is good dopant for improve the specific capacitance.

Electrodeposition of Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Carbonate from Hard Water on Stainless-Steel Electrode to Prevent Natural Scaling Phenomenon

This study focuses on preventing scale formation in hard waters by controlled electrode-position of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on a stainless-steel cathode at constant applied current intensity. The influence of the anode material, BDD or Ti/Pt/PbO2, cathode active area, stirring speed, and applied anodic current intensity on the inorganic carbon (IC), Ca2+, and Mg2+ removal was investigated. Assays were performed with model hard water solutions, simulating Bounouara (Algeria) water. The scaling inhibiting properties of the treated water were followed by measuring IC, calcium, and magnesium concentrations and chronoamperometric characterization of the treated solutions. The influence of the Ca/Mg molar ratio on the inorganic carbon removal by electrolysis was also evaluated, utilizing model solutions with different compositions. It was found that an increase in stirring speed or cathode geometric area favors IC and Ca2+ and Mg2+ removal rates. The applied current intensity was varied from 0.025 to 0.5 A, and the best results were obtained for 0.1 A, either in IC and Ca2+ and Mg2+ removals or by the accelerated scaling tests. However, energy costs increase with applied current. The deposit formed over the cathode does not seem to influence posterior deposition rate, and after eight consecutive assays, the solid deposition rate was kept constant. Ca/Mg ratio influences IC removal rate that increases with it. The results showed that hard-water scaling phenomena can be prevented by solid electrodeposition on the cathode at applied constant current.

Improving the Treatment Efficiency and Lowering the Operating Costs of Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes

Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes (EAOP®) are promising technologies for the decentralized treatment of water and will be important elements in achieving a circular economy. To overcome the drawback of the high operational expenses of EAOP® systems, two novel reactors based on a next-generation boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and a stainless steel cathode or a hydrogen-peroxide-generating gas diffusion electrode (GDE) are presented. This reactor design ensures the long-term stability of BDD anodes. The application potential of the novel reactors is evaluated with artificial wastewater containing phenol (COD of 2000 mg L−1); the reactors are compared to each other and to ozone and peroxone systems. The investigations show that the BDD anode can be optimized for a service life of up to 18 years, reducing the costs for EAOP® significantly. The process comparison shows a degradation efficiency for the BDD–GDE system of up to 135% in comparison to the BDD–stainless steel electrode combination, showing only 75%, 14%, and 8% of the energy consumption of the BDD–stainless steel, ozonation, and peroxonation systems, respectively. Treatment efficiencies of nearly 100% are achieved with both novel electrolysis reactors. Due to the current density adaptation and the GDE integration, which result in energy savings as well as the improvements that significantly extend the lifetime of the BDD electrode, less resources and raw materials are consumed for the power generation and electrode manufacturing processes.

Stimulation of the Dorsal Root Ganglion using an Injectrode

Objective: The goal of this work was to compare afferent fiber recruitment by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) stimulation using an injectable polymer electrode (Injectrode®) and a more traditional cylindrical metal electrode. Approach: We exposed the L6 and L7 DRG in four cats via a partial laminectomy or burr hole. We stimulated the DRG using an Injectrode or a stainless steel electrode using biphasic pulses at three different pulse widths (80, 150, 300 μs) and pulse amplitudes spanning the range used for clinical DRG stimulation. We recorded antidromic evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs) in the sciatic, tibial, and common peroneal nerves using nerve cuffs. We calculated the conduction velocity of the ECAPs and determined the charge-thresholds and recruitment rates for ECAPs from Aɑ, Aβ, and Aδ fibers. We also performed electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements for both electrode types. Main Results: The Injectrode had similar or lower ECAP thresholds relative to the stainless steel electrode across all primary afferents (Aɑ, Aβ, Aδ) and pulse widths; charge-thresholds increased with wider pulse widths. Thresholds for generating ECAPs from Aβ fibers were 100.0 ± 32.3 nC using the stainless steel electrode, and 90.9 ± 42.9 nC using the Injectrode. The ECAP thresholds from the Injectrode were consistent over several hours of stimulation. The rate of recruitment was similar between the Injectrodes and stainless steel electrode and decreased with wider pulse widths. Significance: The Injectrode can effectively excite primary afferents when used for DRG stimulation within the range of parameters used for clinical DRG stimulation. The Injectrode can be implanted through minimally invasive techniques while achieving similar neural activation to conventional electrodes, making it an excellent candidate for future DRG stimulation and neuroprosthetic applications.