Evolution of Old World monkeys and great apes links to massive and directional shrinkage of the dinucleotide short tandem repeat compartment

Background: The evolutionary trend of short tandem repeats (STRs) at the crossroads of speciation remains largely elusive and attributed to random evolution for the most part. To explore this trend, we selected nine species, which shared sequential chronological ancestors, including rat, mouse, olive baboon, gelada, macaque, gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, and human, and collected three sets of data on the abundance of all classes of dinucleotide STRs (≥6-repeats) for three regions of every chromosome, each region spanning 10 Mb of DNA. Results: In all three datasets, we found directional shrinkage of the dinucleotide STR compartment as follows: rodents>Old World monkeys>great apes (P=0.000). The decremented gradient observed for the dinucleotide STRs was not detected for a number of other classes of STRs, such as mono and trinucleotide STRs. Conclusion: We report the first instance of massive and directional gradient of STRs, which may link with the evolution of Old World monkeys and great apes.

Primate Speciation Links to Massive and Directional Shrinkage of the Dinucleotide Short Tandem Repeat Compartment.

The evolutionary trend of short tandem repeats (STRs) at the crossroads of speciation remains largely elusive and attributed to random evolution for the most part. Here we investigated the dinucleotide STR compartment in primate speciation. We selected six species, which shared sequential chronological ancestors, including mouse, macaque, gorilla, chimpanzee, bonobo, and human, and collected three sets of data on the abundance of all classes of dinucleotide STRs (≥6-repeats) for three regions of every chromosome, each region spanning 10 Mb of DNA. In all three datasets, we found consistent directional shrinkage of the dinucleotide STR compartment in all the primate species selected vs. mouse, as follows: mouse>macaque>great apes. The >20-repeat STRs were the most significantly affected as a result of this shrinkage. We propose that massive and directional shrinkage of the dinucleotide STR compartment had a decisive link with primate speciation. This is a prime instane of massive directional STR trend in multiple speciation.

Large deviations for random evolution equation in Besov-Orlicz space

In this paper, we develop a large deviations principle for random evolution equations to the Besov-Orlicz space $\mathcal{B}_{M_2, w}^{v, 0}$ corresponding to the Young function $M_2(x)=\exp(x^2)-1$.

Stroock-Varadhan support theorem for random evolution equation in Besov-Orlicz spaces

We consider the family of stochastic processes $X=\{X_t, t\in [0;1]\}\,,$ where $X$ is the solution of the It\^{o} stochastic differential equation \[dX_t = \sigma(X_t, Z_t)dW_t + b(X_t,Y_t) dt \hspace*{2cm}\] whose coefficients Lipschitzian depend on $Z=\{Z_t, t\in [0;1]\} $ and $Y=\{Y_t, t\in [0;1]\}$. We prove that the trajectories of $X$ a.s. belong to the Besov-Orlicz space defined by the f nction $M(x)=e^{x^2}-1$ and the modulus of continuity $\omega(t)=\sqrt{t\log(1/t)}$. The aim of this work is to characterize the support of the law $X$ in this space.

Modelling election dynamics and the impact of disinformation

Complex dynamical systems driven by the unravelling of information can be modelled effectively by treating the underlying flow of information as the model input. Complicated dynamical behaviour of the system is then derived as an output. Such an information-based approach is in sharp contrast to the conventional mathematical modelling of information-driven systems whereby one attempts to come up with essentially ad hoc models for the outputs. Here, dynamics of electoral competition is modelled by the specification of the flow of information relevant to election. The seemingly random evolution of the election poll statistics are then derived as model outputs, which in turn are used to study election prediction, impact of disinformation, and the optimal strategy for information management in an election campaign.