Scanning Acoustic Microscopy Package Fingerprint Extraction for Integrate Circuit Hardware Assurance

The supply chain of the semiconductor industry is experiencing painful growth and advancement in chip development with the help of recently passed U.S legislation and funding to address a chip shortage. However, it is not without some drawbacks, one of which is the challenge of maintaining control over the manufacturing quality throughout the entire process. As a result of this, physical inspection for hardware security is a necessity to assure the semiconductor devices. In this paper, various physical inspection methods are reviewed and scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) is proved to be the ideal physical inspection method to minimize the possibility of counterfeits which might be the feasible solution in detecting counterfeits on a large scale.

Visualization of Apoptotic Cells using Scanning Acoustic Microscopy and High Frequency Ultrasound

Visualization of Apoptotic Cells using Scanning Acoustic Microscopy and High Frequency Ultrasound

Visualization of Apoptotic Cells using Scanning Acoustic Microscopy and High Frequency Ultrasound

Visualization of Apoptotic Cells using Scanning Acoustic Microscopy and High Frequency Ultrasound

Cellular Imaging with Structural and Mechanical Alterations Against External Stimuli Using Scanning Acoustic Microscopy

Cells receive external stimuli to incur structural and functional damages. On scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), speed-of-sound (SOS), attenuation-of-sound (AOS), and thickness values are plotted on the screen to create cellular images, which are related to stiffness, viscosity, and cell size, respectively. The obtained digital data compared using statistical analysis. We aimed to investigate the effects of anticancer drugs, acidic fluids, and heat effects on the cells by using SAM. Anticancer drug cisplatin induced cancer cell apoptosis/necrosis and regeneration in culture, causing elevated SOS, reduced AOS, and thickness. During a more prolonged incubation, the SAM values fluctuated differently between the cisplatin-treated and untreated cells. The tannic and acetic acid and microwave stimuli induced SOS and AOS elevations. These stimuli altered the cell size, number, differentiation, viscosity, and stiffness, which corresponded well to the fluctuation of the SOS and AOS values after incubation. Different anticancer drugs interacted with cancer cells to induce the characteristic alterations of the SAM values. These structural and mechanical alterations induced in cells was difficult to observe on light microscopy. Cellular damages were statistically compared between different stimuli and time-lapse cellular changes were observed using a SAM analysis. SAM is a useful modality to evaluate cellular damage.

Cellular Imaging with Structural and Mechanical Alterations Against External Stimuli Using Scanning Acoustic Microscopy

Cells receive external stimuli to incur structural and functional damages. On scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM), speed-of-sound (SOS), attenuation-of-sound (AOS), and thickness values are plotted on the screen to create cellular images, which are related to stiffness, viscosity, and cell size, respectively. The obtained digital data compared using statistical analysis. We aimed to investigate the effects of anticancer drugs, acidic fluids, and heat effects on the cells by using SAM. Anticancer drug cisplatin induced cancer cell apoptosis/necrosis and regeneration in culture, causing elevated SOS, reduced AOS, and thickness. During a more prolonged incubation, the SAM values fluctuated differently between the cisplatin-treated and untreated cells. The tannic and acetic acid and microwave stimuli induced SOS and AOS elevations. These stimuli altered the cell size, number, differentiation, viscosity, and stiffness, which corresponded well to the fluctuation of the SOS and AOS values after incubation. Different anticancer drugs interacted with cancer cells to induce the characteristic alterations of the SAM values. These structural and mechanical alterations induced in cells was difficult to observe on light microscopy. Cellular damages were statistically compared between different stimuli and time-lapse cellular changes were observed using a SAM analysis. SAM is a useful modality to evaluate cellular damage.