Luria, Schelling, and Freud: From Zimzum to the Oedipus Complex

In contrast to previous attempts to establish a direct relation between Freud and Kabbalah, this article argues for an indirect relationship mediated by way of Schelling’s philosophy. My claim is that Freud’s Oedipus complex partly originated in Schelling’s idea of God’s contraction, which he arguably derived from the Lurianic doctrine of zimzum. Furthermore, in thinking of the oedipal complex, and of repression more generally, as a late development of the Lurianic and Schellingian imagination of what I call “productive negativity,” I suggest that an important conceptual horizon is opened for the Freudian concept, one that transcends the widespread but narrow formulation of repression as a retroactive and regressive mental mechanism.

Cranial Anatomical Integration and Disparity Among Bones Discriminate Between Primates and Non-primate Mammals

The primate skull hosts a unique combination of anatomical features among mammals, such as a short face, wide orbits, and big braincase. Together with a trend to fuse bones in late development, these features define the anatomical organization of the skull of primates—which bones articulate to each other and the pattern this creates. Here, I quantified the anatomical organization of the skull of 17 primates and 15 non-primate mammals using anatomical network analysis to assess how the skulls of primates have diverged from those of other mammals, and whether their anatomical differences coevolved with brain size. Results show that primates have a greater anatomical integration of their skulls and a greater disparity among bones than other non-primate mammals. Brain size seems to contribute in part to this difference, but its true effect could not be conclusively proven. This supports the hypothesis that primates have a distinct anatomical organization of the skull, but whether this is related to their larger brains remains an open question.

Overview of Some Borrowed Terms from Romance Languages in Legal Terminology in Albanian

Looking at the lexicon of today's Albanian, in the terminologies of different fields of knowledge, we have all the lexical wealth, consisting of two main layers: the local lexicon and the foreign lexicon, introduced through borrowings and different calques from various languages, where modern developed languages occupy an important place, especially Italian and French. One of the Albanian terminologies where this influence stands out is the legal terminology, which really has a late development, which explains the fact of its influence from developed languages, reaching to the words of general use in the field of culture and various spheres of law. It is known that foreign words spoil the language, when accepted and used unnecessarily. Foreign words should be used in those cases when they bring a new meaning, a new meaning nuance, etc., which we cannot express with the tools of Albanian language itself. Only for more concrete borrowings, such as names of newly imported tools, equipment and facilities can be spoken of as an addition to an existing vocabulary. Many borrowed words, which seemed unavoidable, have been adopted as calques, a large number of Romance borrowings today have either been replaced, or have become substituted by Albanian words. Realistically, in legal terminology there is not only a relatively large number of borrowings, but also a range of lexical overlaps with Romance languages.

The Two New Middles

This chapter sets the scene in a panoramic discussion of changes in the developing world, in particular the substantial economic growth since the 1990s. In doing so, the chapter focuses on the first great transformation outlined. It is argued that there is a new polarization in the developing world and that two new precarious ‘middles’—one of countries and one of people—that have emerged since the end of the Cold War. Both are threatened by stalled industrialization and the spectre of deindustrialization. The chapter discusses the related myth emerging from this first transformation—that economic development is ahistorical. The chapter focuses on why late development remains a crucial concept in understanding contemporary development.

Copula Choice is Associated with Discourse Integration Skills in Spanish-Speaking Children

The present study investigates the relationship between discourse integration skills and Spanish copula choice in monolingual Chilean Spanish-speaking children. Previous research has focused on determining the age at which children associate estar to a transitory property and ser to an inherent property (Holtheuer, Carolina. 2012. Spanish-speaking children do not always overuse estar. Revista Signos 45(78). 3–19, Holtheuer, Carolina & Johanna Rendle-Short. 2013. Ser and estar: Corrective input to children’s errors of the Spanish copula verbs. First Language 33(2). 155–167, Schmitt, Cristina & Karen Miller. 2007. Making discourse dependent decisions: The case of the copulas ser and estar in Spanish. Lingua 117(11). 1907–1929, Sera, Maria. 1992. To be or to be: Use and acquisition of the Spanish copulas. Journal of Memory and Language 31. 408–427, Requena, Pablo, Astrid Román-Hernández & Karen Miller. 2015. Children’s knowledge of the Spanish copulas ser and estar with novel adjectives. Language Acquisition: A Journal of Developmental Linguistics 22. 193–207), showing that by 2 years of age children know the categorial distribution of the two copulas, but that at 5 years of age only some children, but not all children, have knowledge of the transitory/inherent distinction that often arises when the same adjective occurs with one or the other copula. The present study seeks to extend the latter research by further investigating the factors that might influence why only some children associate estar to transitory properties at 5 years of age, a question that will not only shed light on when the subtle meaning differences of the copulas are acquired, but also how they are acquired. Maienborn, Claudia (2005. A discourse-based account of Spanish ser/estar. Linguistics 43(1). 155–180) notes that estar is discourse-linked, while ser is not. Specifically, the use of estar with an adjectival predicate to compare changes to a person across different stages of their life relies on one’s ability to integrate the larger discourse (i.e., these various stages) into their statement. In the present study, to determine whether Spanish-speaking children’s production of the copula estar with adjectival predicates was associated with their discourse integration abilities, children were presented with both a Copula Elicitation Task and a Discourse Production Task. Analyses revealed an association between children’s discourse integration skills and their use of estar with adjectives to express transitory properties, a finding that indicates that children’s acquisition of estar is mastered late – at least in part because of their late development of discourse integration skills more generally. Most studies on the acquisition of estar with adjectival complements have focused primarily on comprehension. Experimental studies on children’s production of estar are rare. As such, this experimental study is one of the few that examines children’s use of estar in production and the first, as far as we know, that provides empirical support for the link between discourse integration skills in children and their use of estar with adjectival predicates.

The Pronunciation of Upsilon and Related Matters

It is universally assumed that the fronting of inherited /u(ː)/ to /y(ː)/ was a relatively late development restricted to Attic-Ionic (to the significant exclusion of Euboean) and possibly to other dialects as well. This paper presents a re-assessment of the evidence available and challenges the general assumption that *u and *ū retained their inherited phonetic value /u(ː)/ in Proto-Greek. The alternative hypothesis is explored that the fronting of /u(ː)/ to /y(ː)/ dates back to Proto-Greek. The presence of /u(ː)/ in the ancient dialects can be accounted for through a secondary backing /y(ː)/ > /u(ː)/ like in the modern dialects.

Contributions to the Study of Late Development and Industrial Transformation

This study explores how Spain and Korea have transformed themselves from middle- to high-income economies. This transformation deserves analytical attention for three reasons. Only a few countries have reached advanced country status in the last four decades and Spain and Korea have been particularly successful. The two countries’ different patterns of upgrading go against conventional accounts that upgrading need necessarily take place through manufacturing sectors, with services playing a secondary role. Finally, the focus on two countries that have transitioned from late industrializing economies to advanced countries challenges views of the world as divided between advanced and developing economies. This chapter brings the book to a close by articulating the broader implications of the study. The chapter first discusses a series of inferences derived from the book’s characterization of upgrading as a coordination problem and the focus on state–firm interdependencies. It then examines the broader implications of the analysis for research on late development and economic transformation more generally. The final section of the chapter launches into a brief discussion about Spain’s and Korea’s post-upgrading challenges.