How More Options Decrease the Compromise Effect: Investigating Boundary Conditions for the Compromise Effect in Travel Decisions

Travelers often demonstrate the compromise effect—a tendency to choose the intermediate option(s) when facing difficult trade-off decisions. The compromise effect has been replicated in very specific settings where typically only two or three options were available. This research extends our understanding of the compromise effect by examining the impact of the number of options on travelers’ choices. Based on two different accounts (i.e., attribute distance account vs. decision complexity account), we predict that the compromise effect will be attenuated as the number of options in a choice set increases. Four experimental studies provide supporting evidence for this argument and support the attribute distance account as the main underlying mechanism. This research contributes to the extant tourism and travel choice literature by responding to the call to investigate the compromise effect in complex buying contexts.

Pengaruh Kompetensi Auditor, Kompleksitas Tugas, Skeptisme Professional terhadap Kualitas Audit dengan Due Professional Care sebagai Variabel Moderating pada Kantor Akuntan Publik di Medan

In this modern era, the services of an auditor are very much needed by government agencies and private agencies because the results of the decisions made by auditors can reflect the transparency of an organization. An auditor must have an attitude of competence and good skepticism so that when assessing an organization, no mistakes occur. The attitude of complexity is also an attitude that must be possessed by an auditor where an auditor must be able to know what difficulties or obstacles will be faced in determining the outcome of the decision. Complexity also requires auditors to think about whether the task being carried out can be completed properly or not. The characteristics that exist in the auditor may reflect the quality of the audit produced by the auditor. The research method used is quantitative research methods with all members of public accountants used as population data and the use of the Likert scale as a reference in collecting questionnaire data. From the results of research that has been conducted in Medan, it can be concluded that.

Evaluating Semantic Co-creation by Using a Marker as a Linguistic Constraint Tool in Shared Cognitive Representation Models

Semantic co-creation occurs in the process of communication between two or more people, where human cognitive representation models of the topic of discussion converge. The use of linguistic constraint tools (for example a shared marker) enable participants to focus on communication, improving communicative success. Recent results state that the best communicative success can be achieved if two users can interact in a restricted way, so called team focused interaction hypothesis. Even though the advantage of team focused interaction sounds plausible, it needs to be noted that previous studies enforce the constraint usage. Our study aims at investigating the advantage of using shared markers as a linguistic constraint tool in semantic co-creation, while moving them becomes optional. In our experimental task, based on a shared geographic map as a cognitive representation model, the two participants have to identify a target location, which is only known to a third participant. We assess two main factors, the teams’ use of a shared marker and the two complexity levels of the cognitive representation model. We had hypothesized that sharing a marker should improve communicative success, as communication is more focused. However, our results indicated no general benefit by using a marker as well as team interaction, itself. Our results suggest that the use of a shared marker is an efficient linguistic constraint at higher levels of complexity of the cognitive representation than those tested in our study. Based on this consideration, the team focused interaction hypothesis should be further developed to include a control parameter for the perceived decision complexity of the cognitive representation model.

“Buy Online, Pick Up in Store” under Fit Uncertainty: To Offer or Not to Offer

Retailers offer BOPS (Buy Online, Pick Up in Store) service to improve consumers shopping experience. However, this greatly increases the decision complexity for retailers and consumers. For consumers, whether to purchase online or from a store with the BOPS service is a complex decision. This is especially true when the product has fit uncertainty. That is, consumers are uncertain about product fitness before using it. Also, their store visit cost can be heterogeneous and follows some distribution function. For a retailer, it needs to jointly optimize multiple decisions including the convenience degree of BOPS. To help the retailer develop the jointly optimal decisions, we first build a mathematical model where the retailer sells the product through online and store channel and analyzes the possible effects of BOPS. We find that the retailer should offer BOPS when the channel cost ratio (ratio of shipment fee divided by average store visit cost) is large enough. Through numerical studies, we show that the ratio of profit offering BOPS divided by the benchmark increases with the probability of product fit, shipment fee, and the convenience degree of BOPS. We then consider the case where the convenience degree of BOPS is also a decision itself. We find the optimal convenience degree of BOPS increases along with the average store visit cost and the probability of product fit. When the cost factor of offering the convenience for BOPS is larger than a threshold, the retailer should never offer BOPS.

Shaping the Next Generation Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Control Tower with Autonomous Intelligence

This paper summarizes the findings of an industry panel study evaluating how new Autonomous Intelligence technologies, such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, impact the system and operational architecture of supply chain control tower (CT) implementations that serve the pharmaceutical industry. Such technologies can shift CTs to a model in which real-time information gathering, analysis, and decision making are possible. This can be achieved by leveraging these technologies to better manage decision complexity and execute decisions at levels that cannot otherwise be managed easily by humans. Some of the key points identified are in the areas of the fundamental capabilities that need to be supported and the improved level of decision visibility that they provide. We also consider some the challenges in achieving this, which include data quality and integrity, collaboration and data sharing across supply chain tiers, cross-system interoperability, decision-validation and organizational impacts, among others.

Improving spatial decision making using interactive maps: An empirical study on interface complexity and decision complexity in the North American hazardous waste trade

Spatial decisions increasingly are made by both professional and citizen stakeholders using interactive maps, yet few empirically-derived guidelines exist for designing interactive maps that support complex reasoning and decision making across problem contexts. We address this gap through an online map study with 122 participants with varying expertise. The study required participants to assume two hypothetical scenarios in the North American hazardous waste trade, review geographic information on environmental justice impacts using a different interactive map for each scenario, and arrive at an optimal decision outcome. This study followed a 2 × 2 factorial design, varying interface complexity (the number of supported interaction operators) and decision complexity (the number of decision criteria) as the independent variables and controlling for participant expertise with the hazardous waste trade and other aspects of cartographic design. Our findings indicate that interface complexity, not decision complexity, influenced decision outcomes, with participants arriving at better decisions using the simpler interface. However, expertise was a moderating effect, with experts and non-experts using different interaction strategies to arrive at their decisions. The research contributes to cartography, geovisualization, spatial decision science, urban planning, and visual analytics as well as to scholarship on environmental justice, the geography of hazardous waste, and participatory mapping.