Narrative, Insecure Equilibrium and the Imperative to Understand: A Hermeneutics of Woundedness

Addressing trauma as a phenomenon which happens on the level of the human psyche and body, this article explores the impact of the interlocking nature of human lingual and bodily being in discovering a fuller possibility of interpreting and understanding woundedness. The non-transparent and problematic character of trauma calls for a hermeneutic investigation in order to gain a far-reaching insight into what happens with us and in us in traumatic experience(s). The imperative to understand the situation of affliction is an unending task which not only relies upon extant understandings but continually pro-vokes new ones. I argue that the process of healing, encompassing the spoken and bodily narrative, does not establish a secure equilibrium, but rather searches for self-restoring, healing energy and commences ever new understandings of what needs to be comprehended and healed. This article offers an examination of trauma as featured in three short stories by British authors: Rudyard Kipling, D. H. Lawrence and James Joyce, to exemplify the possibilities of literature to shed light on the intricate nature of traumatic experience. It interrogates the ways in which literature, hermeneutics and psychoanalysis meaningfully converge.

Childishness, Primitivism and the Primitive as Child in the Anti-Imperialist Works of Robert Louis Stevenson

<p>My thesis examines the connection between childishness and primitivism in four key works by Robert Louis Stevenson: Kidnapped, "The Beach of Falesa", The Ebb-Tide and A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa. In particular, I discuss Stevenson's depiction of "primitive" peoples - the Scottish Highlanders of Kidnapped and the Pacific Islanders in the other works - as childish or childlike. While this is a trope that was typically used to justify imperial domination by "adult" Europeans (by writers such as H. Rider Haggard and Rudyard Kipling, for instance), for Stevenson the case is somewhat different because of the extent to which he valorises childishness. The "Introduction" places Stevenson's anti-imperialist deployment of the primitive-as-child trope in the context of romanticism and primitivism more generally, trends which idealised children and primitives in response to the degrading forces of industrial capitalist development in Europe. The first chapter shows how Stevenson's idealised notion of childish Highlanders in Kidnapped is used to valorise them at the expense of the sedentary and conformist "adult" world of the Lowlands. In the second chapter, I show how Stevenson similarly valorises the childish native characters in "The Beach of Falesa" and The Ebb-Tide, while at the same time he dismantles the notion that European colonisers of the Pacific possess any "adult" authority whatsoever by depicting the latter as being in the grip of infantile delusions. In these late fictional works, the idealised childishness of the natives, characterised by growth and vitality, is contrasted with European infantilism, which signifies the cultural regression and insularity that Stevenson saw as closely connected with imperial activity. My final chapter shows how these two opposed notions of childishness-as-growth and childishness-as-decay/insularity inform Stevenson's non-fiction anti-imperialist work, A Footnote to History. My thesis aims to show that Stevenson was not so constrained by imperialist cliches and rhetoric as some critics have argued; rather, I suggest that his sympathy for the victims of colonisation allowed him to dramatically undermine this rhetoric.</p>

Childishness, Primitivism and the Primitive as Child in the Anti-Imperialist Works of Robert Louis Stevenson

<p>My thesis examines the connection between childishness and primitivism in four key works by Robert Louis Stevenson: Kidnapped, "The Beach of Falesa", The Ebb-Tide and A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa. In particular, I discuss Stevenson's depiction of "primitive" peoples - the Scottish Highlanders of Kidnapped and the Pacific Islanders in the other works - as childish or childlike. While this is a trope that was typically used to justify imperial domination by "adult" Europeans (by writers such as H. Rider Haggard and Rudyard Kipling, for instance), for Stevenson the case is somewhat different because of the extent to which he valorises childishness. The "Introduction" places Stevenson's anti-imperialist deployment of the primitive-as-child trope in the context of romanticism and primitivism more generally, trends which idealised children and primitives in response to the degrading forces of industrial capitalist development in Europe. The first chapter shows how Stevenson's idealised notion of childish Highlanders in Kidnapped is used to valorise them at the expense of the sedentary and conformist "adult" world of the Lowlands. In the second chapter, I show how Stevenson similarly valorises the childish native characters in "The Beach of Falesa" and The Ebb-Tide, while at the same time he dismantles the notion that European colonisers of the Pacific possess any "adult" authority whatsoever by depicting the latter as being in the grip of infantile delusions. In these late fictional works, the idealised childishness of the natives, characterised by growth and vitality, is contrasted with European infantilism, which signifies the cultural regression and insularity that Stevenson saw as closely connected with imperial activity. My final chapter shows how these two opposed notions of childishness-as-growth and childishness-as-decay/insularity inform Stevenson's non-fiction anti-imperialist work, A Footnote to History. My thesis aims to show that Stevenson was not so constrained by imperialist cliches and rhetoric as some critics have argued; rather, I suggest that his sympathy for the victims of colonisation allowed him to dramatically undermine this rhetoric.</p>

Arriving at pronunciation accuracy in singing English songs: Hijaiyah consonants as the mediation

Bahasa di dunia sangat beragam, tetapi dimungkinkan adanya persamaan. Sebagai pelajar, sangat penting untuk mempelajari fonologi dan fonetik dari berbagai bahasa untuk membandingkan dan menyamakan satu dengan yang lainnya. Bahasa Inggris dan Arab sama-sama memiliki struktur linguistik terbesar dari semua bahasa di dunia. Kedua bahasa tersebut memiliki kesamaan ciri, seperti konsonannya. Dari persamaan tersebut, Lestiono dan Gusdian (2017) melakukan penelitian terhadap konsonan bahasa Arab dalam membantu pengucapan bahasa Inggris, yang dikenal sebagai tabel kosonan bahasa Inggris-Hijaiyah. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengucapan dari delapan anggota paduan suara universitas dalam menyanyikan lagu-lagu bahasa Inggris sebelum dan sesudah pengenalan konsonan Hijaiyah sebagai mediasi. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan studi kasus, yang termasuk dalam desain kualitatif yang digunakan dalam mencapai pengucapan yang dibangun oleh subjek penelitian melalui observasi, analisis, dan deskripsi. Objek penelitian ini adalah bunyi konsonan yang dihasilkan oleh peserta penelitian saat menyanyikan lagu “When I Sing” oleh Russel Robinson dan Charolette Lee dan “The Seal Lullaby” oleh Eric Whitacre dan Rudyard Kipling. Instrumen yang digunakan adalah dokumen analisis. Dalam analisis ditemukan adanya partisipan yang salah dalam mengucapkan kosa kata yang ditargetkan sebelum diperkenalkan dengan konsonan Hijaiyah. Setelah pengenalan konsonan Hijaiyah sebagian besar peserta terdengar akurat. Hal ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa konsonan Hijaiyah dapat memfasilitasi anggota paduan suara mahasiswa untuk belajar dan menghasilkan kata-kata bahasa Inggris yang akurat saat bernyanyi. Language in the universe is various; however, it does not close the possibility that each languages have an equation. As a learner, it is crucial to learn the phonology and phonetics of some languages to compare and equalize one another. English and Arabic both have the biggest linguistic construction. Both languages have the sameness of characteristics such as some of their consonants. From those similarities, Lestiono and Gusdian (2017) conducted a study on Arabic Consonant sounds to arrive at English Pronunciation, known as English-Hijaiyah consonant corresponding chart. The objective of the current research is to discover the pronunciation of eight university choir members in singing English songs before and after the introduction of Hijaiyah consonants as the mediation. In this present study acquire a case study, which is included to qualitative design that was used in arriving at the pronunciation constructed by the research subjects through observation, analyzation, and description.. The research objects were the consonant sounds produced by research participants while singing “When I sing” by Russel Robinson and Charolette Lee and 'The Seal Lullaby” by Eric Whitacre and Rudyard Kipling. The instrument was document analysis. In the findings, participants mispronounced many of the targetted words before they were introduced to Hijaiyah consonants as the mediation . Whereas, the pronunciation after the introduction showed that most of the participants sounded correct. This can be concluded that Hijaiyah consonants can facilitate the university student choir members to learn and produce accurate English words while singing.

IMPERIALISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVES OF TWO BRITISH AUTHORS, GEORGE ORWELL AND RUDYARD KIPLING

<p>George Orwell and Rudyard Kipling are British authors who are different in viewing imperialism. The essays “<em>Shooting an Elephant</em>” and “<em>A Hanging</em>” by George Orwell and a novel “<em>The Jungle Book</em>” by Rudyard Kipling, represent imperialism as the main point. This research finds out the intention of George Orwell and Rudyard Kipling for describing the concept of imperialism. It also purposes to find out the way the authors express their thoughts in literary work as the response towards imperialism.</p><p>This research applies sociology of literature approach in analyzing data and employs Alan Swingewood’s theory in digging how George Orwell and Rudyard Kipling develop their thoughts about imperialism into work. This research reveals that George Orwell and Rudyard Kipling’s works are expression of their idea that concerns not on the difference in the type of works, but on the values in each work to treat other people as human being.</p><p>Through his works, Orwell shows people to do not violating others’ right. Meanwhile, Kipling introduces to children for imparting imperialism since childhood. These contradicting way describing imperialism encourage both of the authors to show their intention in supporting anti-imperialism and pro-imperialism concept.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: <em>imperialism, anti-imperialism, British-author, colonized, colonizer</em></p>

O processo de alteridade em “Beyond the Pale”, de Rudyard Kipling

Tendo como suporte teórico os estudos pós-coloniais, este artigo investiga a aplicabilidade do conceito de alteridade (BONNICI, 2005, p. 15) em “Beyond the Pale”, uma das consagradas narrativas de Rudyard Kipling (1865-1936). O escritor hindo-britânico, filho de pais ingleses, nasceu no ápice da Índia colonizada, testemunhando o impacto e a força do aparato imperialista inglês na região, e sua obra se tornou, igualmente, testemunha deste fato histórico. Em consonância com outros conceitos da teoria pós-colonial, que serão discutidos ao longo deste trabalho, a ideia de alteridade consegue fortalecer as explícitas denúncias sobre a violência durante a invasão de caráter colonial na Índia, cujas alterações socioculturais se fazem presentes em peso neste conto de Kipling como características narrativas centrais do autor. Ao resgatar a questão colonial da Índia – o processo instaurado durante quase 250 anos pelos ingleses –, pretendemos reinterpretar o papel da mulher indiana durante esse período, quem, protagonizada por Bisesa, parece estar relegada a uma condição social duas vezes subalterna, portanto, triplamente sem voz nem oportunidade ou direito à fala (GUHA, 1983; SPIVAK, 1988 apud FIGUEIREDO, 2010): a de nativa em uma sociedade colonizada, a de mulher em uma sociedade machista e a de viúva nesta mesma sociedade. O diálogo íntimo entre a denúncia de Kipling e a perspectiva pós-colonial de apuração das reverberações do colonialismo aguçam a necessidade de se reavaliar obras em que fica clara a exploração cultural, social, econômica e, sobretudo, mental/identitária sofrida pelas populações de países colonizados, recuperando registros indispensáveis para a compreensão do que foi na prática a investida colonial europeia, no ângulo, é claro, daqueles que foram as vítimas e a quem por séculos foi forçado o silêncio.

Traveller's Tales: Rudyard Kipling's Gothic Short Fiction

Between 1884 and 1936, Rudyard Kipling wrote over 300 short stories, most of which were first published in colonial and cosmopolitan periodicals before being reissued in short-story collections. This corpus contains a number of critically neglected Gothic stories that fall into four groups: stories that belong to the ghost-story tradition; stories that represent the colonial encounter through gothic tropes of horror and the uncanny but do not necessarily include any supernatural elements; stories that develop an elegiac and elliptical Gothic Modernism; and stories that make use of the First World War and its aftermath as a gothic environment. This essay evaluates Kipling's contribution to the critically neglected genre of the Gothic short story, with a focus on the stories' persistent preoccupation with spatial tropes of travel, disorientation and displacement.

An application of gothic elements in rudyard kipling's “my own true ghost story”

This paper aims to find the Gothic elements in Rudyard Kipling, selected short story. After the first reading of the short story "My own true ghost story" shows a lot of gothic elements. The analysis of this Gothic story will show how young man haunted by Dak Bungalow because of the game room, doolie bearers walking sound and dark winter night with rain-affected to the young hero of this story. In all Victorian gothic stories and novels, young protagonist characters are only suffered in the example of H G Wells story The Red Room hero suffered by Shadow and long corridors, Wuthering Heights by a young ghost with Dark Romance, haunted rooms, windows, churchyards, graveyards, vault these are common places. But in Rudyard Kipling's story My Own True Ghost stories Young British Protagonist or Narrator of this story haunted by the Bungalow take takers Kanshamas, who is old as the building, they told old stories about a British officer who visited, stayed this Dak Bungalow, and how they lived now also as a ghost and he tried to see this but that particular he fell from the steps when he opens his eye, Khansams is sitting beside him and he thought this is unanswered place.