LIVESTOCK IN KAZAKHSTAN: DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS

The research was carried out in order to highlight the main problems that impede the increase in the competitiveness of Kazakhstani animal husbandry. The indicators of productivity (milk yield, shearing of wool from one sheep, etc.), as well as aggregated data (production volumes, indices of the physical volume of gross production) were used as criteria for assessing the development of the industry. In Kazakhstan, the share of beef pedigree cattle in 2019 accounted for only 11.5% of the total cattle population. The average live weight of cattle was 336 kg, the average slaughter weight was 175 kg, which is 2 times lower than world standards, the average live weight of 1 bird was 2.2 kg. The republic has a weak base for the production of basic feed for the fattening contingent, due to which its supply with such feed is at the level of 57.8% of the scientifically grounded norm. The share of breeding stock of dairy cattle (as of January 1, 2018) is 2.8%, birds of all types - 12.3% of the total livestock, sheep - 14.8%. In modern conditions, in order to increase competitiveness, it is necessary to focus efforts on solving such problems as providing highly productive breeding cattle and poultry; improving the fodder base by expanding the crops of corn, soybeans, alfalfa, chickpea; strengthening of preventive work against especially dangerous animal diseases; adaptation of scientific developments in the field of genetics, selection and fodder production to the current economic conditions in animal husbandry; accelerating the transfer of animal husbandry to new technologies; implementation of international standards for product quality and management

A simple theoretical, quantitative approach to help understand the titration of weak acids and bases

What happens at the very beginning of the titration of a weak acid or base is a question sometimes asked by undergraduate students when introduced to the concept of buffer solution. To attempt to answer this question, a simple quantitative approach is developed, which also allows explaining more general properties of the weak acid or weak base titration process, while serving as well as an introduction to the theoretical, quantitative treatment of this subject. Using this approach, it can be shown that, at the beginning of the titration, the reaction between a weak acid (base) and a strong base (acid) does not occur on a one to one ratio when very small amounts of the strong base (acid) are added.

Solubility of Cinnarizine in (Transcutol + Water) Mixtures: Determination, Hansen Solubility Parameters, Correlation, and Thermodynamics

Between 293.2 and 313.2 K and at 0.1 MPa, the solubility of the weak base, cinnarizine (CNZ) (3), in various {Transcutol-P (TP) (1) + water (2)} combinations is reported. The Hansen solubility parameters (HSP) of CNZ and various {(TP) (1) + water (2)} mixtures free of CNZ were also predicted using HSPiP software. Five distinct cosolvency-based mathematical models were used to link the experimentally determined solubility data of CNZ. The solubility of CNZ in mole fraction was increased with elevated temperature and TP mass fraction in {(TP) (1) + water (2)} combinations. The maximum solubility of CNZ in mole fraction was achieved in neat TP (5.83 × 10−2 at 313.2 K) followed by the minimum in neat water (3.91 × 10−8 at 293.2 K). The values of mean percent deviation (MPD) were estimated as 2.27%, 5.15%, 27.76%, 1.24% and 1.52% for the “Apelblat, van’t Hoff, Yalkowsky–Roseman, Jouyban–Acree, and Jouyban–Acree–van’t Hoff models”, respectively, indicating good correlations. The HSP value of CNZ was closed with that of neat TP, suggesting the maximum solubilization of CNZ in TP compared with neat water and other aqueous mixtures of TP and water. The outcomes of the apparent thermodynamic analysis revealed that CNZ dissolution was endothermic and entropy-driven in all of the {(TP) (1) + water (2)} systems investigated. For {(TP) (1) + water (2)} mixtures, the enthalpy-driven mechanism was determined to be the driven mechanism for CNZ solvation. TP has great potential for solubilizing the weak base, CNZ, in water, as demonstrated by these results.

Reverse mathematics of rings

<p>Using the tools of reverse mathematics in second-order arithmetic, as developed by Friedman, Simpson, and others, we determine the axioms necessary to develop various topics in commutative ring theory. Our main contributions to the field are as follows. We look at fundamental results concerning primary ideals and the radical of an ideal, concepts previously unstudied in reverse mathematics. Then we turn to a fine-grained analysis of four different definitions of Noetherian in the weak base system RCA_0 + Sigma-2 induction. Finally, we begin a systematic study of various types of integral domains: PIDs, UFDs and Bézout and GCD domains.</p>

Reverse mathematics of rings

<p>Using the tools of reverse mathematics in second-order arithmetic, as developed by Friedman, Simpson, and others, we determine the axioms necessary to develop various topics in commutative ring theory. Our main contributions to the field are as follows. We look at fundamental results concerning primary ideals and the radical of an ideal, concepts previously unstudied in reverse mathematics. Then we turn to a fine-grained analysis of four different definitions of Noetherian in the weak base system RCA_0 + Sigma-2 induction. Finally, we begin a systematic study of various types of integral domains: PIDs, UFDs and Bézout and GCD domains.</p>

One-Pot Synthesis of Al-P-O Catalysts and Their Catalytic Properties for O-Methylation of Catechol and Methanol

A series of Al-P-O catalysts (Al-xP-O) were prepared using a P123-assisted one-pot method at different P/Al molar ratios and used for O-methylation of catechol and methanol. The influences of the P/Al molar ratio and P123 addition on catalyst structure and surface acid-base characteristics were investigated in detail. Increasing the P/Al molar ratio more favored crystalline aluminophosphate. The P123-assisted Al3+ and PO43− are known to be stabilized through weak steric force so that the formation of crystalline aluminophosphate could be inhibited at higher P/Al molar ratios. The results showed that the prepared Al-P-O catalysts possessed appropriate weak acid and weak base sites, which was beneficial to the reaction of catechol and methanol. The Al-1.1P-O catalyst synthesized with the assistance of P123 exhibited superior catalytic performances, with 52.5% catechol conversion and higher guaiacol selectivity of 97.6%.

Germany’s new government will have a weak base

Germany’s policy direction and decision-making will be more contested following the election results

Obtaining hydrogels of technical lignins

Методами потенциометрического титрования, ИК-спектроскопии, твердофазной ЯМР-спектроскопии 13С и химического анализа исследовано гелеобразование технических лигнинов (окисленного гидролизного, сульфатного, натронного и лигносульфонатов) и лигнина Пеппера при взаимодействии с солями металлов: CaCl2, Mg(NO3)2,FeSO4, Co(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, CuSO4, AgNO3. Установлено, что способностью к гелеобразованию обладают соединения, представляющие собой соли слабого основания и сильной кислоты; катион металла имеет стандартный потенциал выше определенного значения, обладает умеренной способностью к гидролизу, а гидроксид катиона, образующийся в реакции гидролиза, имеет относительно низкую растворимость. При формировании геля образуется соединение состава R–COO–Mez+–OOC–R z = 2,3. Предложена схема межмолекулярных связей в точке образования гидрогеля лигнина, в соответствии с которой смежные молекулы лигнина связываются между собой тремя типами связей: ионной между карбоксильными группами лигнина и катионами металла, координационной между катионами металла и молекулами воды, входящими в координационную сферу; и водородными, связывающими все компоненты системы в единое целое. Гидрогели лигнина обладают высокой сорбционной способностью по отношению к тяжелым металлам, таким как свинец, железо и медь, составляющей в зависимости от содержания кислых групп в лигнине и молярной массы сорбата ~ 25–50% от массы лигнина. Это открывает возможность использовать новый вид гидрогелей лигнина для очистки сточных вод химических предприятий. Potentiometric titration, IR-spectroscopy of 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy, and chemical analysis were used to study the gelation of technical lignins (oxidized hydrolysis, Kraft, sodium, and lignosulfonates) and Pepper lignin in interaction with metal salts: CaCl2, Mg(NO3)2,FeSO4, Co(NO3)2, Pb(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3, CuSO4, AgNO3. It has been established that compounds that are salts of a weak base and a strong acid have the ability to gelation; the metal cation has a standard potential above a certain value, has moderate hydrolysis ability, and the cation hydroxide formed in the hydrolysis reaction has a relatively low solubility. During gel formation, a compound of the composition R–COO–Mez+–OOC–R z = 2,3 is formed. A scheme of intermolecular bonds at the point of lignin hydrogel formation is proposed, according to which adjacent lignin molecules bind to each other by three types of bonds: ionic between carboxyl groups of lignin and metal cations, coordination between metal cations and water molecules included in the coordination sphere, and hydrogen connecting all the components of the system into a single whole. Lignin hydrogels have a high sorption ability with respect to heavy metals such as lead, iron and copper, which, depending on the content of acid groups in lignin and the molar mass of the sorbate, is ~ 25–50% by weight of lignin. This opens up the possibility of using a new type of lignin hydrogels for wastewater treatment of chemical plants.