Unification of the Electromagnetic Force and Gravity through the Composite Photon

A deep relationship is identified between the Coulomb Force and Gravity. A gravitational constant for strong gravity is calculated from the relationship. The equivalence between mass and charge is explored. Implications are given for the expansion of Einstein's Field Equations to include vector gravity.

Sufficient conditions for a pseudosymmetric spacetime to be a perfect fluid spacetime

The aim of this paper is to obtain the condition under which a pseudosymmetric spacetime to be a perfect fluid spacetime. It is proven that a pseudosymmetric generalized Robertson–Walker spacetime is a perfect fluid spacetime. Moreover, we establish that a conformally flat pseudosymmetric spacetime is a generalized Robertson–Walker spacetime. Next, it is shown that a pseudosymmetric dust fluid with constant scalar curvature satisfying Einstein’s field equations without cosmological constant is vacuum. Finally, we construct a nontrivial example of pseudosymmetric spacetime.

Generalized Ricci recurrent spacetimes and GRW spacetimes

The main goal of this paper is to study the properties of generalized Ricci recurrent perfect fluid spacetimes and the generalized Ricci recurrent (generalized Robertson–Walker (GRW)) spacetimes. It is proven that if the generalized Ricci recurrent perfect fluid spacetimes satisfy the Einstein’s field equations without cosmological constant, then the isotropic pressure and the energy density of the perfect fluid spacetime are invariant along the velocity vector field of the perfect fluid spacetime. In this series, we show that a generalized Ricci recurrent perfect fluid spacetime satisfying the Einstein’s field equations without cosmological constant is either Ricci recurrent or Ricci symmetric. An [Formula: see text]-dimensional compact generalized Ricci recurrent GRW spacetime with almost Ricci soliton is geodesically complete, provided the soliton vector field of almost Ricci soliton is timelike. Also, we prove that a (GR)n GRW spacetime is Einstein. The properties of (GR)n GRW spacetimes equipped with almost Ricci soliton are studied.

Unification of the Electromagnetic Force and Gravity through the Composite Photon

A deep relationship is identified between the Coulomb Force and Gravity. A gravitational constant for strong gravity is calculated from the relationship. The equivalence between mass and charge is explored. Implications are given for the expansion of Einstein's Field Equations to include vector gravity.

Unification of the Electromagnetic Force and Gravity through the Composite Photon

A deep relationship is identified between the Coulomb Force and Gravity. A gravitational constant for strong gravity is calculated from the relationship. The equivalence between mass and charge is explored. Implications are given for the expansion of Einstein's Field Equations to include vector gravity.

On fractional and fractal Einstein’s field equations

In this study, Einstein’s field equations are derived based on two dissimilar frameworks: the first is based on the concepts of “fractional velocity” and “fractal action” motivated by Calcagni’s approach to fractional spacetime while the second is derived based on fractal calculus which is a generalization of ordinary calculus that include fractal sets and curves. The fractional theory displays a breakdown of Lorentz invariance. It was observed that a spatially dependent cosmological constant emerges in the fractional theory. A connection between the fractional order parameter and the dimensionless parameter [Formula: see text] arising in the parameterized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism is observed. A confrontation with very long-baseline radio interferometry targeting quasars 3C273 and 3C279 is done which proves that the fractional order parameter is within the range [Formula: see text]. Moreover, emergence of quantum Hawking radiation is realized in the theory supporting Hawking’s best calculations that black holes are not black. Nevertheless, based on the fractal calculus approach, there is a conservation of the Lorentz invariance and absence of spatially-dependent cosmological constant. The theory depends on the fractal order [Formula: see text] and gives rise to a fractal Schwarzschild radius of the massive body greater than the conventional radius besides a fractal Hawking’s temperature less than the standard one. However, the confrontation with radio interferometry targeting quasars 3C273 and 3C279 gives [Formula: see text].

Unification of the Electromagnetic Force and Gravity through the Composite Photon

A deep relationship is identified between the Coulomb Force and Gravity. A gravitational constant for strong gravity is calculated from the relationship. The equivalence between mass and charge is explored. Implications are given for the expansion of Einstein's Field Equations to include vector gravity.