Miti e utopie della modernità nelle Riflessioni sulla violenza di Georges Sorel

This paper analyses the work Riflessioni sulla violenza written by Georges Sorel and published in 1908. The principal aim of this paper is to present the deep relationship between myth, violence and politics in order to reevaluate how irrational forces have guided social movements and revolutions. The distinction between the notions of force and violence introduces the central thesis of Georges Sorel’s political thought, which is called anarcho-syndacalism. More specifically, George Sorel puts together Marx and Bergson in order to develop a severe criticism of the Third Republic and to theorize the role of violence in the transition from capitalism to socialism. Through the myth of the general strike, Sorel introduces his philosophical perspective on social struggles against the parlamentarism.

Cultural Maintenance in the Face of Language Shift- Young Sindhi Muslims in Karachi, Pakistan

The Sindhi language, a descendent of a pre-Vedic Prakit language is the most widely spoken language in South Asia. Sindhi speech community comprises both Muslims, and Hindus which have distinct cultural and religious practices, yet they are socially connected because of the geographical link with their land. However, due to the partitioning of the Indian sub-continent, many Sindhi Hindus migrated to India, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and many other countries. There has not only been an external diaspora but within Pakistan, there has also been an internal diaspora of younger Sindhi Muslims who have moved to cities like Karachi, Hyderabad, and Sukkur to pursue tertiary education. These young speakers have acquired and learned the dominant languages Urdu and English as their second and third languages while shifting away from their native Sindhi language. This study investigates the identity markers which have enabled them to retain their Sindhiness[1]. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 male and female young Sindhis and shadow observation of three participants in Karachi. The analysis shows that young Sindhi speakers have a high sense of group solidarity with their community and retain the use of culturally loaded identity markers which include naming patterns, cuisine, dressing, music, customs, rituals, social values, and networking. According to Fishman (1996), there is a deep relationship between language and culture. Despite a shift away from the habitual use of the Sindhi language these respondents have maintained their cultural values and norms. Keywords: cultural maintenance, language shift, Sindhi community, Karachi

God, Grades, and Graduation

It’s widely acknowledged that American parents from different class backgrounds take different approaches to raising their children. But missing from the discussion is the fact that millions of parents on both sides of the class divide are raising their children to listen to God. What impact does a religious upbringing have on their academic trajectories? Drawing on 10 years of survey data with over 3,000 teenagers and over 200 interviews, God, Grades, and Graduation offers a revealing and at times surprising account of how teenagers’ religious upbringing influences their educational pathways from high school to college. God, Grades, and Graduation introduces readers to a childrearing logic that cuts across social class groups and accounts for Americans’ deep relationship with God: religious restraint. This book takes us inside the lives of these teenagers to discover why they achieve higher grades than their peers, why they are more likely to graduate from college, and why boys from lower-middle-class families particularly benefit from religious restraint. But readers also learn how for middle-upper-class kids—and for girls especially—religious restraint recalibrates their academic ambitions after graduation, leading them to question the value of attending a selective college despite their stellar grades in high school. By illuminating the far-reaching effects of the childrearing logic of religious restraint, God, Grades, and Graduation offers a compelling new narrative about the role of religion in academic outcomes and educational inequality.

Behavior of entanglement entropy near periodic orbits in a hamiltonian dynamical system

Entanglement entropy growth is studied under a form of dynamics that is based on iteration. This approach allows the investigation of the role of decoherence in producing increases of entropy. This has important consequences as far as the study of decoherence is concerned. It is indicated that results are generally independent of Hilbert space partitioning. It is seen that a deep relationship between classical dynamical entropy and the growth of entanglement entropy exists in this kind of model. The former acts to bound the latter and in the asymptotic region, they tend to a common limit.

What Blindsight Means for the Neural Correlates of Consciousness

Do perceptual experiences always inherit the content of their neural correlates? Most scientists and philosophers working on perception say 'yes'. They hold the view that an experience's content just is (i.e.is identical to) the content of its neural correlate. This paper presses back against this view, while trying to retain as much of its spirit as possible. The paper argues that type-2 blindsight experiences are plausible cases of experiences which lack the content of their neural correlates. They are not experiences of the stimuli or stimulus properties prompting them, but their neural correlates represent these stimulus properties. The argument doesn't depend on any special view of what it is for an experience to be of a stimulus or stimulus property. The upshot is that, even assuming there is a deep relationship between experiential content and neural content, that relationship is more complex than simple identity.

Randomness and Computability

<p>This thesis establishes significant new results in the area of algorithmic randomness. These results elucidate the deep relationship between randomness and computability. A number of results focus on randomness for finite strings. Levin introduced two functions which measure the randomness of finite strings. One function is derived from a universal monotone machine and the other function is derived from an optimal computably enumerable semimeasure. Gacs proved that infinitely often, the gap between these two functions exceeds the inverse Ackermann function (applied to string length). This thesis improves this result to show that infinitely often the difference between these two functions exceeds the double logarithm. Another separation result is proved for two different kinds of process machine. Information about the randomness of finite strings can be used as a computational resource. This information is contained in the overgraph. Muchnik and Positselsky asked whether there exists an optimal monotone machine whose overgraph is not truth-table complete. This question is answered in the negative. Related results are also established. This thesis makes advances in the theory of randomness for infinite binary sequences. A variant of process machines is used to characterise computable randomness, Schnorr randomness and weak randomness. This result is extended to give characterisations of these types of randomness using truthtable reducibility. The computable Lipschitz reducibility measures both the relative randomness and the relative computational power of real numbers. It is proved that the computable Lipschitz degrees of computably enumerable sets are not dense. Infinite binary sequences can be regarded as elements of Cantor space. Most research in randomness for Cantor space has been conducted using the uniform measure. However, the study of non-computable measures has led to interesting results. This thesis shows that the two approaches that have been used to define randomness on Cantor space for non-computable measures: that of Reimann and Slaman, along with the uniform test approach first introduced by Levin and also used by Gacs, Hoyrup and Rojas, are equivalent. Levin established the existence of probability measures for which all infinite sequences are random. These measures are termed neutral measures. It is shown that every PA degree computes a neutral measure. Work of Miller is used to show that the set of atoms of a neutral measure is a countable Scott set and in fact any countable Scott set is the set of atoms of some neutral measure. Neutral measures are used to prove new results in computability theory. For example, it is shown that the low computable enumerable sets are precisely the computably enumerable sets bounded by PA degrees strictly below the halting problem. This thesis applies ideas developed in the study of randomness to computability theory by examining indifferent sets for comeager classes in Cantor space. A number of results are proved. For example, it is shown that there exist 1-generic sets that can compute their own indifferent sets.</p>

Randomness and Computability

<p>This thesis establishes significant new results in the area of algorithmic randomness. These results elucidate the deep relationship between randomness and computability. A number of results focus on randomness for finite strings. Levin introduced two functions which measure the randomness of finite strings. One function is derived from a universal monotone machine and the other function is derived from an optimal computably enumerable semimeasure. Gacs proved that infinitely often, the gap between these two functions exceeds the inverse Ackermann function (applied to string length). This thesis improves this result to show that infinitely often the difference between these two functions exceeds the double logarithm. Another separation result is proved for two different kinds of process machine. Information about the randomness of finite strings can be used as a computational resource. This information is contained in the overgraph. Muchnik and Positselsky asked whether there exists an optimal monotone machine whose overgraph is not truth-table complete. This question is answered in the negative. Related results are also established. This thesis makes advances in the theory of randomness for infinite binary sequences. A variant of process machines is used to characterise computable randomness, Schnorr randomness and weak randomness. This result is extended to give characterisations of these types of randomness using truthtable reducibility. The computable Lipschitz reducibility measures both the relative randomness and the relative computational power of real numbers. It is proved that the computable Lipschitz degrees of computably enumerable sets are not dense. Infinite binary sequences can be regarded as elements of Cantor space. Most research in randomness for Cantor space has been conducted using the uniform measure. However, the study of non-computable measures has led to interesting results. This thesis shows that the two approaches that have been used to define randomness on Cantor space for non-computable measures: that of Reimann and Slaman, along with the uniform test approach first introduced by Levin and also used by Gacs, Hoyrup and Rojas, are equivalent. Levin established the existence of probability measures for which all infinite sequences are random. These measures are termed neutral measures. It is shown that every PA degree computes a neutral measure. Work of Miller is used to show that the set of atoms of a neutral measure is a countable Scott set and in fact any countable Scott set is the set of atoms of some neutral measure. Neutral measures are used to prove new results in computability theory. For example, it is shown that the low computable enumerable sets are precisely the computably enumerable sets bounded by PA degrees strictly below the halting problem. This thesis applies ideas developed in the study of randomness to computability theory by examining indifferent sets for comeager classes in Cantor space. A number of results are proved. For example, it is shown that there exist 1-generic sets that can compute their own indifferent sets.</p>

Unification of the Electromagnetic Force and Gravity through the Composite Photon

A deep relationship is identified between the Coulomb Force and Gravity. A gravitational constant for strong gravity is calculated from the relationship. The equivalence between mass and charge is explored. Implications are given for the expansion of Einstein's Field Equations to include vector gravity.

Measuring information flux between social media and stock prices with Transfer Entropy

Transfer Entropy was applied to analyze the correlations and flow of information between 200,500 tweets and 23 of the largest capitalized companies during 6 years along the period 2013-2018. The set of tweets were obtained applying a text mining algorithm and classified according to daily date and company mentioned. We proposed the construction of a Sentiment Index applying a Natural Processing Language algorithm and structuring the sentiment polarity for each data set. Bootstrapped Simulations of Transfer Entropy were performed between stock prices and Sentiment Indexes. The results of the Transfer Entropy simulations show a clear information flux between general public opinion and companies’ stock prices. There is a considerable amount of information flowing from general opinion to stock prices, even between different Sentiment Indexes. Our results suggest a deep relationship between general public opinion and stock prices. This is important for trading strategies and the information release policies for each company.

Naming Jerusalem: Poetry and the Identity of the Personified City in Lamentations 1-2

The order, frequency and variety of names given the personified city in Lamentations 1-2 enhances a sense of readerly empathy that the personification of the city imbues. In the first stanza of Lamentations 1, the names for the personified figure are ordered such that the most specific name appears in the description of the most personal violence. In Lamentations 2, the personified city is named with a similar frequency to the violent and angry language used to describe the deity. Combined with an increased use of endearment terms, this violence requires readers to hold together both the violence and the deep relationship between the city and her God.